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European Exploration of North America and North Carolina Chapter 3 EQ: Why did Europeans first explore North America and North Carolina, and what were the consequences? 11/4/2011 European Exploration of North America. Chapter 3 Section 1 EQ: Why did Europeans first explore North America and North Carolina, and what were the consequences? Objectives: 1. Analyze the causes and the effects of the Treaty of Tordesilla. 2. Describe Spanish colonization of the New World. 3. Examine the actions of some of the conquistadors. 4. Identify the impact Catholicism and missionaries on the New World. 5. Analyze the beginning of the slave trade. 6. Identify the results of the Columbian Exchange. 7. Summarize early efforts to find a northwest passage. 8. Describe Verrazano’s journey up the eastern coast of North America. 11/4/2011 Setting the stage pg 41 Europeans had many reasons to explore the New World and establish colonies. What were the reasons for many of the expeditions? 1. Wealth 2. Spread Christianity 3. Freedom of religion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Passage to Asia Rivalry Thirst for glory and adventure Gold and silver Fur Other resources Historical Spotlight pg 41 Why America and not Columbia or Erikson’s Land? Summarize notes 11/4/2011 1. Amerigo Vespucci disproved Columbus’s claim to have found Asia. 2. Based on Vespuccis’s description of the America’s, a German cartographer drew a map of the Americas naming the two continents after Amerigo. Dividing the World Europeans had many reasons to explore the New World and establish colonies. 1. Wealth 2. Spread Christianity 3. Freedom of religion What were the reasons for many of the expeditions? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Passage to Asia Rivalry Thirst for glory and adventure Gold and silver Fur Other resources Historical Spotlight pg 41 Why America and not Columbia or Erikson’s Land? Summarize notes 11/4/2011 1. Amerigo Vespucci disproved Columbus’s claim to have found Asia. 2. Based on Vespuccis’s description of the America’s, a German cartographer drew a map of the Americas naming the two continents after Amerigo. Think as a Historian pg 42 Who are some famous dictators? 1. Montezuma: Aztec; Atahualpa: Incas 2. Charles I: Spain; Fidel Castro: Cuba Dividing the world pg 42 Pope Alexander VI’s 1494 Treaty of Tordesilla was an important document. Spain 1. The Treaty of Tordesilla divided newly discovered land between Spain and Portugal using an imaginary line. 2. Spain = left of the line: Americas 3. Portugal = right of the line: Africa & Asia Portugal Spain builds and empire. Pg 42 Sequence exploration events 1. Columbus establishes a settlement on the Cuba & Hispaniola to search for gold. 1. Settlers begin to farm 2. Divides the land 2. NA are forced to work for the Spanish 3. Spanish taught NA Christianity Who were the conquistadors? Spanish conquerors who explored looking for wealth and glory. Summarize notes 11/4/2011 Cortes conquers Mexico pg 42 Describe life for the Aztecs prior to 1521 1. Aztecs controlled most of Mexico from Tenochtitlan. 2. Aztecs traded and fought w/neighbors 3. Captives were sacrificed to the gods Describe life for the Aztecs after 1521 1. Hernando Cortez led an expedition from Cuba to Mexico. 2. Aztecs are conquered 3. Take Aztec’s gold and silver 4. Attempt to convert Aztec’s to Christianity. Pizarro conquers Peru pg 43 Cortez:Aztec; Pizarro: __ 1. 1532 – Pizarro reaches Cuzco Peru 2. Captures and kills Atahuapa leader of the Incas 3. By 1632 Peru is conquered by Spanish 4. Gold and silver is confiscated 5. Discover mines 6. Spain is richest country in Europe Create a timeline of events 11/4/2011 Missionaries spread Catholicism pg 43 What is a missionary? A person who teaches his religion to people of other faiths. Why did the Spanish want to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism? 1. Columbus promised King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella 2. People in Europe were becoming dissatisfied with church teachings and abuses. 3. Protestants and Muslims were seen as a threat to the Catholic faith 4. Spanish wanted to spread Catholic faith. How did some reformers show their displeasure with the Catholic church? Protestants left the Catholic church and formed their own faith. Describe a mission and its purpose. • • • • • • Summarize 11/4/2011 Missions- small settlements church Fort homes for missionaries and converts Some missionaries used NA for laborers Others disapproved of the treatment. Missionaries spread Catholicism pg 43 What is a missionary? Why did the Spanish want to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism? A person who teaches his religion to people of other faiths. 1. Columbus promised King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella 2. People in Europe were becoming dissatisfied with church teachings and abuses. 3. Protestants and Muslims were seen as a threat to the Catholic faith 4. Spanish wanted to spread Catholic faith. How did some reformers show their displeasure with the Catholic church? Protestants left the Catholic church and formed their own faith. What kind of communities did the Spanish priests create in America? • • • • • • Missions- small settlements church Fort homes for missionaries and converts Some missionaries used NA for laborers Others disapproved of the treatment. What were some causes Overwork European diseases of NA deaths? Missionaries decided to bring slaves from What was a result of Africa. deaths? Summarize 11/4/2011z Missionaries spread Catholicism pg 44 Why caused the Native Americans to die? What was the missionaries solution to a lack of Native American laborers? • Overworked • diseases 1. Get Africans because they are less vulnerable to disease and more capable of working hard in tropical climates. The slave trade begins pg 44 Describe why Africans replaced Native Americans as laborers in America. Summarize 11/4/2011z • Africans captured fellow Africans during times of war. • Spanish needed more laborers in America • Slaves became more valuable than gold. • Portuguese started trading slaves • During 1500s African chiefs sold Slaves along the W. African Coast • Africans were shipped to N. Am and S. Am. • Africans replace Nat Am as laborers. • Millions of Africans sent to Americas against their will. The Columbian Exchange pg 44-45 How did the arrival of the Spanish affect N. Am? • Clash of people and cultures • Movement of plants, animals, and disease. What was the Columbian Exchange? The movement of living things between the hemispheres. Name some negative results of the Columbian Exchange. 1. Transfer of germs from Europe to Am. 1. measles, 2. influenza 3. Smallpox (I guess they didn’t mis out on the diseases.) immunity • The ability to fight off diseases. What the effect of disease on NA? • 20 million died in Mexico • Pop decreased by 90-95% btwn 1519 1619. • 60 – 100 million b/f Columbus – 90% within 150 years after Columbus • • Spanish = plants and animals • Europeans = livestock (pigs, cattle, horses) • East Hemisphere=crops (grapes, onions, wheat) What were the positive effects of the Col Exch in the Americas? Summarize11/4/2011z The Columbian Exchange pg 45 cont’d How did the Col Exch impact Europe? • American crops became part of Euro diet. • potatoes = Russia, Ireland, and other parts of northern Europe. • Result in increase population •Blending of cultures Seeking a NW passage Pg 45 Summarize early efforts to find a northwest passage. What other discoveries were made? Summarize 11/4/2011z • Pope divides the New World btwn Portugal and Spain • Other Europeans complain • England and France send ships west to N. Am • Spain = Caribbean & Central & S. Am • Columbus was wrong • He did not find Asia • Spain & Portugal = South sea routes • England and France want NW passage to Asia NW passage cont’d Pg 46-47 1497 – John Cabot January 17, 1524 – Govanni da Verrazano • Italian Navigator -financed by English merchants became the first to sail in search of NW passage. • “Discovered” Newfoundland, Canada • France sends expedition in search of sea route. • See the mouth of the Cape Fear River. • Thinks he finds route to Asia • Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound • 150+ years map makers think Pacific Ocean near North Carolina • First to visit future NC Verrazano continues northward pg 47 What other discoveries were made? • Verrazano stops near present day NY City • Fails to see Chesapeake and Delaware bays • Stops in RI and ME and then Newfoundland, Canada. Results = France’s later claims to New World Create a timeline of events 11/4/2011z