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■ Essential Question: What are the
similarities & differences among
the Spanish, French, Dutch &
British patterns of colonization in
America?
■ Warm-Up Questions:
–What key changes in Europe
took place in the 15th & 16th
centuries that allowed for
overseas colonization?
–How did European exploration in
America impact native peoples?
Motivations for Exploration
■ During the Renaissance, a desire
for new trade routes to Asia led to
an Age of Exploration:
–Led by Spain & Portugal,
explorers found new trade routes,
colonies, & people to Christianize
–Colonization in North America led
to destruction of Indian culture,
permanent settlements for whites,
& wealth for European nations
Means:
Motivation & Means of Exploration
• Better ships
Key Motivation of Explorers: (caravels)
• Better
• A search for new knowledge (Renaissance)
navigation
• The 3 “Gs”:
tools:
1. GOLD: A desire for wealth, new markets for
Astrolabe &
trade, a desire to escape poverty in1.Europe
sextant
2. GLORY: A desire by European kings to develop
2. Magnetic
large overseas empires or for individual
compass
explorers to make a name for themselves
3. Maps with
3. GOD: A desire by European Christians
&
(Catholics) to convert people to theirlongitude
faith
latitude
Voyages of European Exploration
Samuel Champlain
founded
after
Christopher
Columbus
“discovered”
America
VascoQuebec
da Gama
found India
failing
looking
to find
for Four
aawestward
NW passage
route
to to
India
India
byFerdinand
sailing
around
Africa
Magellan
led the first
Key
Explorers
expedition to circumnavigate the globe
This exploration led to colonies by
European countries:
America Prior to the
Arrival of Europeans
First Inhabitants:
35,000 years ago crossed land bridge connecting
Alaska and Siberia; growing body of evidence of
secondary migrations
Native American Tribes
A.
Society Classification
1. Sedentary: permanent settlement with a division of labor
and agriculture
2. Semi-sedentary: tribes who moved according to environmen
changes – transitional agriculture with slash
and burn techniques
3. Non-sedentary: nomadic tribes who were mainly hunter and
and gatherers
TheseBefore
empires the
wereEuropeans
destroyed by
America
the
arrival
of
Spanish
conquistadors
Before
discovered
The■Aztecs
(inColumbus’
Central America)
America
in 1492,
North America
& Incas
(in South
America)
created
large,
powerful Native
empires Americans:
was
dominated
America
Before
Europeans
The Plains
Indiansthe
were
hunters
& gathers
but became
mobile
■ Before
Columbus’
discovered
hunters after
the Spanish
America
in 1492,
North introduced
America
the
horse
into
North
America
was dominated Native Americans:
America
BeforeIndians
the Europeans
The Eastern
Woodlands
lived
in small
farming
communities
& were
■ Before
Columbus’
discovered
the first
contacts in
with
British
settlers
in
America
1492,
North
America
Virginia
&
Massachusetts
was dominated Native Americans:
Eastern Woodland Cultures
■Along the Atlantic Coast of North
America, Native Americans lived
in smaller, mobile bands:
–Farming was supplemented by
hunting and gathering
–Eastern woodland Indians were
likely the first natives to be
encountered by English settlers
Locations of Major Indian Groups
and Culture Areas in the 1600s
When Worlds Collide
On the map provided, label and
shade trade patterns & the regions of
the world colonized by (a) Spain,
(b) France, (c) England, & (d) Dutch
during the Age of Exploration
Voyages of European Exploration
The Columbian Exchange
■The arrival of Europeans led to the
introduction of new products
between Indians & Europeans
called the Columbian Exchange:
–Indians introduced corn, tobacco,
potatoes, peanuts to whites
–Europeans introduced horses,
livestock, citrus, & diseases
–An estimated 90% of Indians
died due to European disease
The Columbian Exchange
The Spanish Colonies
in America
Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – divided Spanish and Portuguese
claims in the new world – never enforced
Spanish Colonies in North America
The
SpanishColonies
government
Spanish
in North America
encouraged converting Indians
& establishing missions
■Motivations:
–After Columbus, Spain
dominated Central & South
America & the SE & SW
sections of North America
–Spanish conquistadors explored
in search of gold & silver
–Missionaries converted Native
Americans to Catholicism
Vasco Balboa – 1513 – Pacific Ocean via Panama isthmus
Ferdinand Magellan – 1519 – credited with first
circumnavigation of Earth – 5 ships left
Spain – went
around Cape Horn across Pacific to the
Philippines –
Magellan died enroute – 1 ship returned
Hernan Cortes – 1521 – Conquered Aztecs in Mexico
Francisco Pizarro – 1532 – Conquered the Inca empire in Peru
Spanish Colonies in North America
■Government: Royal control
–Spanish colonies were funded
& controlled by the monarch
–Viceroys were sent to the
colonies to serve as governors
■Economy: Desire for wealth
–Used Indian & African slave
labor to mine gold & silver
–Built encomiendas (plantations)
to farm cash crops
Spanish Colonies in North America
■Society: Strictly controlled
–Viceroys were sent to rule
–Creoles were white colonists
living in Spanish colonies; had
opportunities for land & wealth
–The lack of women led to
inter-marriage with Indians & a
mixed-race population (mestizos)
–Indians & African slaves made
up the bottom of society
The French Colonies
in America
French Colonies in North America
LikeFrench
Spain, the
French in
Colonies
gov’t encouraged
converting
Indians &
■Motivations:
establishing missions
North America
–After Champlain’s attempt to
find a NW passage through
Canada, he founded Quebec
–The “French crescent” included
Canada, the Mississippi River,
& New Orleans
–Missionaries converted Native
Americans to Catholicism
French Colonies in North America
■ Government: Royal control
–The French colonies were strictly
controlled by royal governors
■ Economy: Desire for fur trade
–Most French colonists profited
from the fur trade, small-scale
farming, or lumbering
■ Society: Friendly with Indians
–Because the French needed furs,
they were the most friendly with
the local Native Americans
Dutch Colonies in North America
Dutch Colonies in North America
■Motivations:
–The Dutch established New
Amsterdam as a trade center
■Political, Economic, Social:
–To attract settlers, the gov’t
allowed anyone to immigrate
–As a result, New Amsterdam
was one of the most diverse
colonies in North America
The English Colonies
in America
The English Colonies
■In the 1600s, English settlers
arrived in North America
–English colonization differed
from Spanish & French because
the English gov’t had no desire
to create a centralized empire in
the New World
–Different motivations by English
settlers led to different types of
colonies
Migrating to the English Colonies
■17th century England faced major
social changes:
–The most significantly was a
boom in population; Competition
for land, food, jobs led to a large
mobile population (vagrants?)
–People had choices: could move
to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or
America (but this was most
expensive & dangerous)
British Colonies in North America
British Colonies in North America
■ Motivations: Many different reasons
– Economic: Escape poverty or gain
wealth from cash crop farming
–Religious: For religious freedom &
to escape religious persecution
– Political: Fear during the English
Civil War & Glorious Revolution
■ As a result, the British colonies
were very different from each other
& were never very unified
British Colonies in North America
■ Government:
–The colonies differed from French
& Spanish because the British
gov’t had no desire to create a
centralized empire in America
–Britain developed a policy called
salutary neglect in which the
colonists could create local laws &
taxes in their colonial assemblies
–Royal governors were sent by the
king, but they had little power
New
Unlike
England
the Spanish
colonies,
& French,
like
British
Colonies
in North
the
Massachusetts,
British colonists
werenever
closely
made
■ Economy
&
sweeping
connectedattempts
by religion
to convert,
&
Society:
marry,
families
or trade
& were
withmostly
local Native
–The
societies
subsistence
Americans,
farmers
although
who
conflicts
had
& over
economies
little
desire
landtowere
makecommon
money
of the British
colonies were
dependent
upon colonies,
the
Southern
like
reasons
Virginia,
had cash crop
economies,
large gaps
people settled
between rich & poor
farmers, & slave labor
America
By The
the early
Spanish
1600s,
& French
Spain, adopted
England, & France
Frontiers
had largeofterritorial
Inclusionclaims
while in
theNorth
British
America
(but these
usedcolonies
Frontierswere
of Exclusion
not heavily populated,
especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely
at the expense of the Native
Americans already living there
END CHAPTER 1
Advantages
for long-term
colonization
Spain
France
England
Disadvantages
for long-term
colonization
Closure Activity
■In order to review the Spanish,
French, Dutch, & British colonies,
students will be presented with a
series of “potential immigrants” to
North America. For each person:
–Determine the best colonial
region for that person to move to
–Provide a brief explanation that
supports your decision
Potential Immigrant:
A poor, unmarried man
looking to make his fortune
Potential Immigrant:
A person with
very religious beliefs
Potential Immigrant:
A woman looking for new
opportunities in America
Potential Immigrant:
A person looking for
political freedom & the
ability help make laws
Potential Immigrant:
A Native American
looking for freedom from
European control
Potential Immigrant:
A person who enjoys living
“where the action is”
(a place where something
exciting is always happening)
Potential Immigrant:
A father looking for safety &
security for his family
Potential Immigrant:
An entrepreneur looking for a
location to open a business
specializing in shipping