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The American Nation
Chapter 3
Exploration and
Colonization, 1492–
1675
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 3: Exploration and Colonization, 1492–1675
Section 1:
An Era of Exploration
Section 2:
Spain Builds an Empire
Section 3:
Colonizing North America
Section 4:
Building the Jamestown Colony
Section 5:
Seeking Religious Freedom
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
An Era of Exploration
Chapter 3, Section 1
• Nomads were the first to reach America at
least 10,000 years ago.
• Vikings led by Leif Ericson had explored
parts of North America in the 1000s
leaving detailed records
• By the 1300s Native Americans had
established cultures, cities, farming and
trade.
• By the 1400s the new trade routes were
the focus of the Arabians, Africans,
Asians, and Europeans.
Portuguese Explorers
Prince Henry of Portugal financed the new
ship design that improved expeditions along
coast of Africa
1488 Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the
southern tip of Africa
1498 Vasco da Gama sailed to India by
sailing around the Cape of Good Hope at the tip
of Africa
Prince Henry
had a “state of
the art”
training facility
with
mapmakers,
navigators, and
instrument
makers that
trained sailors
da Gama
Dias
Prince Henry
Spanish exploration
 1492 Italian sailor
Christopher Columbus
sailed west across the
Atlantic with 90 men and
three ships; the Santa
Maria, Nina, and Pinta
 Two months later
Columbus landed in the
Caribbean
 He made three more
voyages and in 1493
founded the first Spanish
colony in present day
Haiti
 He died unaware that he
did not reach Asia
Columbus and his crew arrived in the “New World”, in the
Caribbean Islands. It was called the “New World” because at the
time no modern European nation was aware of the continent’s
existence and was not on any European map.
Reasons for Exploration
Wealth
Foreign Goods
Curiosity
Religion
Reasons for
European exploration
National Pride
Fame
Faster, Cheaper
Trade Routes
Spanish Explorers Found a Route
Across the Pacific Ocean
Chapter 3, Section 1
• 1511 The Spanish had conquered Puerto
Rico, Jamaica, and Cuba
• 1513 Vasco de Balboa crossed the
Isthmus of Panama to reach the Pacific
Ocean
• 1519 Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition
sailed westward from Spain with 250 crew
and five ships.
• 1522 Only one ship and 18 men returned
to Spain after circumnavigated completely
around, the world.
The Columbian Exchange
Chapter 3, Section 1
• Europeans brought new ideas,
plants, animals, and diseases to the
Americas.
• Native Americans introduced new
ideas, plants, and animals to the
Europeans.
• Because this exchange began with
Columbus, it is called the Columbian
Exchange.
A Global Exchange of Goods and Ideas
Chapter 3, Section 1
The Spanish Explored Vast Areas of North and South America.
Chapter 3, Section 2
Spanish Conquistadores of the 1500s
• Conquistadors, or conquerors
marched into the Americas “to
serve God, the king and get rich.
• Result: Spain became richest
country in Europe & created a huge
empire in the Americas.
Spanish Conquistadores
• 1513 Ponce de Leon explored
Florida lookong for the fountain of
youth
• 1519 Hernando Cortez set out to
conquered the Aztecs w/only 600
men & 16 horses and captured
tribes.
• 1532 Francisco Pizarro defeated
the Inca empire w/ only 200 men
and superior military weapons.
Other Spanish Conquistadors
• 1536 Narvaez & de Vaca reached Mexico
after being shipwrecked near Texas,
captured by Indians, escaped, and
walking 1000 miles.
• 1539 Hernando DeSoto explored Florida,
the Southeast, and discovered the
Mississippi River looking for gold.
• 1540 Franncisco Coronado explored
Arizona & New Mexico looking for
“seven cities of gold”.
How Spain Organized Its Colonies
Chapter 3, Section 2
Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up
three kinds of settlements:
• Pueblos—towns, centers of
farming and trade
• Presidios—forts where soldiers
lived
• Missions—religious settlements
run by priests and friars
Four Social Classes
Chapter 3, Section 2
Spain’s Laws of the Indies set up four
social classes:
• Peninsulares—people born in Spain
• Creoles—people born in the
Americas to Spanish parents
• Mestizos—people of mixed Spanish
and Indian background
• Indians—treated as conquered
people
Slave Labor
Chapter 3, Section 2
• Spanish settlers with encomiendas, a
kind of land grant, could demand
labor or taxes from Indians forcing
many Native Americans to work in
gold and silver mines.
• Bartolome de Las Casas suggested
bringing African slaves to the
Americas to replace Indian laborers.
The Northwest Passage?
• John Cabot: England-discovered
Newfoundland.
• Verazzano: France-explored up &
down North American Coast.
• Jacques Cartier: France-explored
St. Lawrence River.
• Henry Hudson: Dutch/Englishdiscovered New York Harbor
Religious Divisions
Chapter 3, Section 3
• Until the 1500s Western Europe was
Roman Catholic
• Protestant Reformation began when
Martin Luther challenged the
practices forming calling supporters
Protestants.
• England: Protestant
• France: Catholic
• Netherlands (Dutch): mostly
Protestant
France Explores the Mississippi River
• Marquette and Joliet explored
700 miles down the Mississippi
River before turning back.
• La Salle completed the journey
and found the mouth of the
Mississippi River.
Effects of European Exploration in America
• Spain builds an
empire in the
Americas
• English, French, and
Dutch set up
colonies in North
America
• Millions of Native
Americans die from
“European”
diseases
• Slave traders bring
enslaved Africans to
the Americas
• Foods from the
Americas are
introduced into
Europe
Effects Today
Effects
• Europeans want
more goods from
Asia
• Muslims gain
control of trade
between Europe and
Asia
• Rulers of European
nations seek ways
to increase their
wealth
• European nations
look for a sea route
to Asia
• Columbus reaches
the Americas
Exploration of the Americas
Causes
Chapter 3, Section 3
• The United States is
a multicultural
society
• American foods,
such as corn and
potatoes, are
important to
people’s diets
around the world
Roanoke: The “Lost Colony”
• Sir Walter Raleigh raised money to start a
colony in North Carolina.
• Supplies ran low, they sent for supplies from
England.
• Planned to return in a few months.
• Returned 3 years later.
• Colony was deserted. Colonists were never
found.
• Only clue was “Croatoan” carved on a tree.
• Roanoke becomes known as “The Lost Colony”
Roanoke
Jamestown
• Virginia Company receives a Charter to start a
colony in Virginia.
• 1607 Jamestown Colony named after King James
• Settlers hoped to get rich by finding gold by faced
found swamps, mosquitoes, and malaria
• Ruling council of 13 men couldn’t get along &
failed to make plans
• Dug for gold instead of planting enough crops and
had a poor relations with Indians.
Jamestown
Survival and Success
• Captain John Smith set up strict rules
that forced colonists to work to get to
eat.
• Indians supplied corn, but peace didn’t
last.
• Peace restored when John Rolf, a
colonist married Pocahontas, daughter
of the chief.
• Tobacco made the colony succeed.
A Representative Government
Chapter 3, Section 4
Reforms of 1619:
• New governor would consult settlers on
important matters.
• Male settlers would elect
representatives called burgesses.
• Burgesses met in an assembly called
the House of Burgesses to make laws
for the colony.
New Arrivals in Virginia
Chapter 3, Section 4
• 1608 - The first women arrive.
• 1619 - The Virginia Company
sent about 100 women.
• 1619 - A Dutch ship arrived
with about 20 Africans.- some
were slaves, others became
planters.
Separatists Seek Religious Freedom
• Protestants called Separatists separated
from the Church of England and sailed on
the Mayflower to America.
• 1620 Pilgrims land at Plymouth and signed
the Mayflower Compact to govern through
elected representatives
• Didn’t bring enough food, not enough time
to build proper homes, and almost half
died from disease and starvation
Plymouth
Pilgrims Survived
Chapter 3, Section 5
• They chose a good governor and
stayed strong in their religious faith.
• Squanto, a Native American, gave
them seeds for corn, beans, and
pumpkins showing them how to
plant
• A day for thanks celebrated the
harvest and became Thanksgiving