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CLASS WARM UP
WHICH CELLS ARE PROKARYOTIC AND WHICH
ARE EUKARYOTIC? HOW DO YOU KNOW?
‘
CELL ORGANIZATION

Organelles
 specialized
structure that performs important
cellular functions
 “little organ”
CELL WALL

Type of Cell:





Plant
Prokaryotes (bacteria)
Fungi
Some protists

Structure:

Rigid outer layer of cell
made of mainly carbs
and some protein.
Cellulose for plants.
 Chitin for fungi
 Peptidoglycan for bacteria.

Function:


Support
Protection
CELL MEMBRANE

Type of Cells:


All cells
Structure:

Fluid mosaic lipid bi-layer

Function:


cell membrane animation

Control movement in and out of
cell
Selectively permeable – only let
certain substances in and out
of the cell
Barrier from outside
environment
CYTOPLASM

Types of Cells:


All cells

Function:

Structure:

Clear, thick jelly-like
material

Support cellular
organelles
Move nutrients in cell
CYTOSKELETON

A network of protein fibers
extending throughout the
cytoplasm
Consists of
Microtubules &
Microfilaments
MICROFILAMENTS

Types of Cells:


All Cells
Structure:


Twisted chain of proteins
Thinnest protein fibers in
the cell

Function:


Help maintain shape and
supports the cell
cause cytoplasmic
streaming in plant cells
MICROTUBULES

Types of Cells:


Eukaryotic
Structure

Hollow tubes made of
Protein
 Function
 Facilitate
the
movement of vesicles

Motor proteins
CILIA & FLAGELLA
(TYPES OF MICROTUBULES THAT ARE ONLY FOUND IN CERTAIN TYPES
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS)


Cilia



Structure: Tiny hair-like
projections on the outside of
certain cells
Function: Moves materials
around the outside of the cell
Ex: cells found in the lining of
the trachea (windpipe)

Moves mucus and dirt out of
the lungs
Flagella



Structure: Long whip-like
tail
Function: Moves the cell
Ex: sperm cells
CENTRIOLES (MADE OF MICROTUBULES)

Cell Type:
Only animals cells

Structure:


Cylinder shape
Made of 9 sets of 3
microtubules
Function:
•Involved in forming the
mitotic spindle during cell
division
•Chromosomes attach to
spindle and separate
properly
NUCLEUS

Types of Cells:


Eukaryotic Cells
(Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist)
Structure:



Large, oval shape
Near center
Double membrane (nuclear
envelope) with nuclear pores
(holes)

Function:


Contains and protects
genetic information (DNA)
Controls the cell
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELLS DO NOT HAVE
A CELL WALL?
ct
er
0%
Fu
ng
i
0%
ia
0%
Ba
0%
t
D.
Pl
an
C.
al
B.
Animal
Plant
Bacteria
Fungi
An
im
A.
WHERE IS DNA LOCATED IN A EUKARYOTIC
CELL?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTROL
MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL?
0%
0%
op
l
Cy
t
Ce
ll m
em
br
an
e
as
m
0%
l
0%
al
D.
Ce
ll w
C.
us
B.
Nucleus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nu
c le
A.
WHAT ORGANELLE
IS THIS?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Types of Cells:



All cells
Inside nucleus in
eukaryotic cells or in
middle of prokaryotic cells
Structure:


Double helix of nucleic
acids
DNA is coiled to form
chromatin and wound up
even more into organized
packages of DNA called
chromosomes

Function:


Genetic information (“blueprint of life”)
Contains the code for
making proteins
NUCLEOLUS

Types of Cells:


Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:

Small round structure
inside the nucleus

Function:

Makes ribosomes
DNA IS LOCATED IN WHAT KIND OF CELLS?
ov
e
ab
ft
he
lo
Al
Ba
0%
6%
ct
er
ia
6%
al
4.
An
im
3.
89%
t
2.
Plant
Animal
Bacteria
All of the above
Pl
an
1.
0
THE CLEAR, JELLY-LIKE SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES UP
THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL BETWEEN THE CELL
MEMBRANE AND THE NUCLEUS IS CALLED?
as
m
l
0%
Cy
t
op
l
al
0%
Ce
ll w
0%
Ve
sic
le
4.
st
3.
100%
or
op
la
2.
Chloroplast
Vesicle
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Ch
l
1.
RIBOSOME “I LOVE RIBOSOMES!!!”

Types of Cells:


All Cells
Structure:

Small organelles made
of rRNA & protein


No membrane
Floating free in the
cytoplasm or attached to
Rough ER

Function:

Help make proteins

Link together amino acids
by reading the genetic code
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Type of Cells:


Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:



Network of folded tubes or
membranes
ROUGH ER: Ribosomes
attached
SMOOTH ER: Nothing
attached

Function:



Rough ER: help synthesize
proteins
Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids &
carbs. Also….detoxification!
Package materials (proteins or
lipids) into transport vesicles
VESICLE

Function:

Types of Cells:



Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:

membranous sac

transport of materials
made by the cell (lipids,
carbs, proteins)
Secrete materials to the
outside of the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS

Location:


Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:

Flattened membranous
sacs (like a stack of
pancakes)

Function:


Modifies lipids & proteins
Package materials into
secretory vesicles to send
them outside of the cell
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF FLAGELLA?
10%
5%
DN
A
s
ns
ta
i
es
l
ak
m
Co
n
ce
of
ov
em
en
t
M
0%
ip
id
ll
fo
od
4.
of
3.
85%
es
t io
n
2.
Digestion of food
Movement of cell
makes lipids
Contains DNA
Di
g
1.
WHAT ORGANELLE IS
THIS?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF RIBOSOMES?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make lipids
Make proteins
Control the cell
Package and
transport materials
0%
1
0%
0%
0%
2
3
4
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SMOOTH ER?
s
0%
pr
ot
ei
n
He
lp
m
ak
e
nu
tr
el
lm
ov
lc
St
or
e
ip
tro
0%
ie
nt
s
0%
em
en
t
id
s
0%
el
4.
ak
3.
Co
n
2.
Make lipids & carbs
& detox
Control cell
movement
Store nutrients
Help make proteins
M
1.
VACUOLE

Types of Cells:


Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:


Fluid-filled membranous
sacs
Larger in plants

Function:

Stores waste, food, water
for later use
LYSOSOME

Types of cells:



Animal cells
Some protists
Structure:

Small, round membranous
sac that holds digestive
enzymes

Function:



Breakdown large food
particles
Digest old cell parts
“Clean up”
PEROXISOME

Types of cells:
 Eukaryotic

cells
Structure:


Membranous sac
contain a variety of enzymes

Function:

rid the cell of toxic
substances, and in
particular, hydrogen
peroxide (a common
byproduct of cellular
metabolism).
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VACUOLE?
5%
nd
er
a
at
w
St
or
e
ce
ll
he
tt
Pr
ot
ec
ce
he
lt
tro
Co
n
0%
nu
tri
en
ts
ll
0%
ls
r ia
4.
rt
m
at
e
3.
95%
an
sp
o
2.
Transport materials
Control the cell
Store water and
nutrients
Protect the cell
Tr
1.
WHICH ORGANELLE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
CLEANING UP THE CELL AND DIGESTING OLD
DEAD CELL PARTS?
10%
Cy
t
op
l
ER
Ly
so
so
m
e
0%
as
m
0%
Sm
oo
th
4.
ER
3.
ug
h
2.
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Ro
1.
90%
MITOCHONDRIA

Types of Cells:


Eukaryotic (plant, animal,
fungi, protist)
Structure:



Bean-shaped
Folded inner membranes
Double outer membrane

Function:

Make energy (ATP)
Cellular Respiration occurs
here
 Convert glucose, oxygen, and
water into useable energy
(ATP)

CHLOROPLAST

Types of cells:


Plant Cells
Structure:



Oval shaped
Double membrane
Thylakoids contain
chlorophyll (green
pigment)

Function:

Convert sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water into
glucose (food) and oxygen
(photosynthesis)
ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC
CELLS

Endosymbiotic theory –
 Mitochondria
and
chloroplasts, the two energy
related organelles, arose
when a large eukaryotic cell
engulfed independent
prokaryotes
 This
explains why they have a
double membrane and why
they have genetic material
separate from the nucleus
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE
MITOCHONDRIA?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make lipids
Make proteins
Control the cell
Make energy
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ORGANELLES ARE
FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CELLS DO NOT HAVE
NUCLEI?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plant
Animal
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
ALL CELLS HAVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
0%
1
0%
2
0%
3
0%
4
PLANT CELLS VS. ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT
ANIMAL
BOTH