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20th Century (Modern Classical music) 20th Century 1 Impressionist music • Impressionism is a term borrowed from painting. – vague and hazy outlines. • Debussy wrote L'Apres-midi d'un Faune in 1894 his first “impressionist” work • A reaction to the late romantic German style. 20 Century th 2 Impressionist • Chords are used for their expressive “colour” • The usual laws of harmony are suspended • Discords and sounds are allowed to merge (e.g. using the sustaining pedal in piano pieces) 20th Century 3 Impressionist • Flowing streams of Parallel Chords 7ths,11ths, and 13ths 20th Century 4 Impressionist • Debussy uses: • Pentatonic scale • MODES - Scales that are neither major or minor but ancient or non western collections of notes with different patterns of tones and semitones. • Ostinato –repeated patterns (like riffs) in the accompaniment • Programme Music- “evokes” or “suggests” a picture or a scene 20 Century 5 th Impressionist Genie Scale WHOLE New World • Debussy uses: • WHOLE TONE SCALE the intervals between each of the notes is a tone, whereas in major and minor scales the intervals are a mixture of tones and semitones 20th Century 6 Impressionism • Debussy's Impressionist pieces include: » La Mer » Nocturnes » Images • Other composers wrote in an impressionist style e.g. • Respighi -Pines of Rome • De Falla -Gardens of Spain 20th Century 7 • Jazz influences • As well as folk influences some composers experimented with jazz and Blues in their compositions. They used: • The blues Scale. • Syncopation and complex rhythms to make the music sound improvised. • Jazz instruments added to the orchestra MUTED brass, saxophones etc. • Jazz effects - GLISSANDO- sliding between notes. 20th Century 8 • Examples of Jazz influences in 20th Century music include: • George Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue 20th Century 9 Rhapsody in Blue The Orchestra used borrowed certain Jazzy Features such as: Syncopation Clarinet Glissando Jazz Chords Banjo Trumpets played with Wah wah mutes Blues scale 20th Century 10 The prominence of the piano makes the piece more like a piano concerto 20th Century 11 Rhapsody in Blue 20th Century 12 20th Century features • Irregular metre: changing time signatures or unusual time signatures • CROSS RHYTHMS playing conflicting rhythms against each other to create excitement • Smaller orchestra using percussion and wind instruments more than the more lush and expressive strings. 20th Century 13 • What else makes the music sound like it was written in the 20th Century? • Abrupt modulations • Deliberate wrong notes/ Discords and note clusters (where the notes are close together rather than evenly spaced as they are in a chord) • The music can often sound angry or disturbing 20th Century 14 • • • • • Piano used as part of the orchestra lots of percussion unusual instruments Instruments played in unusual ways: COL LEGNO - string instruments played with the back of the bow • FLUTTER TONGUING- rolled "rrr.." sound while playing wind instruments. • MUTED on string instruments but particularly on Brass instruments where the timbre is made thinner and more metallic sounding. 20th Century 15 20th century Atonal music • 20th Century ATONAL • Schoenberg and his pupils Webern and Berg are a group of composers working in Vienna at the turn of the Century who are sometimes called the Second Viennese school • In his early music Schoenberg wrote in the expressive late romantic style. • As the music became increasingly chromatic it ultimately became ATONAL, rejecting key or tonal centre 20th Century 16 20th century Atonal music • the 12 notes of the chromatic scale are laid out in a random order and called a theme – They can be developed by ; • reversing them (retrograde) • Turning them upside down (Inversion) • Both, (Retrograde inversion) • Any music that sounds deliberately ugly or “random” is probably from the 20th century 20th Century 17 20th Century Atonal • ALEATORIC or Chance-choice music • Uses unpredictability as part of composition or performing process • improvisation • eg players choose when and/or what to play • All about experimenting (like performance art) 20th Century 18 More recent modern music • MINIMALIST. – many repeated patterns – repeated sections, – deceptively complicated, • cross rhythms, • polyrhythms • polytonality.( two different keys at the same time) • composers: Philip Glass and Steve Reich 20th Century 19 20th Century 20 20th Century 21