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Ancient Civilizations Running from 3500B.C.E. to C.E.500 MESOPOTAMIA • Where was it located? • What was it known for? • What happened to it? “The Fertile Crescent” • A piece of land stretching from eastern Mediterranean sea to the Persian Gulf • Located between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers • Its soil is rich, great for farming. • This area is shaped like a “crescent”. • Mesopotamia (Land between the rivers) lies to the east • Mediterranean section les to the west The Sumerians 4000 BC- 1st people in Fertile Crescent Settled in Lower Mesopotamia Built “City-States” 1st to use wheeled vehicles in trade, farming, warfare • 1st to use the arch in buildings • Invented first system of writing“Cuneiform”- wedge-shaped writing • Decoded by Sir Henry Rawlinson-1846 • • • • • • • • • • • Worshipped many gods Kings were treated as gods Gilgamesh and the great flood King Sargon Skilled Builders & Artists Army was supplied with weapons Metals, stones, & wood were obtained by trading • Studied math & science ( a year has 360 days) Ziggurats Babylonian Empire (2000 B.C.E.) • First to build temples to honor their gods • Hammurabi’s Code (law) Hammurabi Law Code shows: • 1. A stern sense of justice – The code had the principle of "an eye for an eye" and demanding severe punishment for crimes - bribery, theft, dishonest weights and measures, and damage to another's property. • 2. A sharp division of classes – The code provided harsher punishment for an offense against a noble or priest than for the same offense against a common person - an artisan, merchant, farmer, or slave • 3. A fair treatment of women - Permited them to own property and engage in business. However, the code strictly regulated the behavior of women. It expected a woman to remain in her husband's home and be dependent on him. A husband, however, had a legal duty to support his wife. The code also gave a father nearly unlimited authority over his children. The Babylonians believed that an orderly household headed by a strong father was necessary for a stable empire. • 4. An advanced business society- established regulations for protecting property and business contracts, limiting interest on loans, and setting wages for workers. Other Babylonian contributions: • Astronomy- lunar calendar, 12 month year, 7 day week, 24 hour day. • Arithmetic- based on number 60 – 60 minute hour, 360 degree circle Hittite Empire ( 1750 B.C.E.) • Conquered from modern day Turkey • Among the first to use iron for weapons & tools • Signed the first treaties with other groups like Egyptians • System of law that required payments of fines for crimes or wrongdoings Phoenicia Empire (“Traders”) ( 1200 B.C.E.) • It became strong because Egyptian and Hittites were fighting each other • Traded goods all over the Mediterranean, spreading their goods & ideas and those of whom they trade with • Carthage- greatest city • Invented a 22 symbol alphabet that was around sounds -later used by Greeks and later became roots of what we use today • Developed artistic skills ( carving ivory & stained glass) Hebrew (1200-600 B.C.) • • • • • • • • • • Never had a large empire Monotheism History written in Old Testament Exodus Ten commandments Recorded the Bible High moral behaviors, set new standards Prophets fought for justice of the weak & poor Saul, David, Solomon- strong rulers Solomon’s temple at Jerusalem Hebrew’s end • • • • • Solomon’s death- kingdom splits Civil wars 63 BC becomes part of Roman Empire Jerusalem destroyed 1948 AD – Israel re-born again Assyrian Empire (1350 B.C.E.) • • • • 1100-650 BC Excellent soldiers Calvary, iron weapons Cruel leaders of those conquered • Built first system of roads • Began provincial governments • Established first library • Conquered by Chaldeans and Persians The NEW BABYLONIAN EMPIRE • Chaldeans of Babylonia come in • Nebuchadnezzar II (mentioned in the Bible for the first time)- rebuilt city of Babylon • He built “Hanging Gardens” –one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world. • Astrology, movement of planets & stars effects human life, creation of the “zodiac” • Astrology lead to the discovery of Astronomy • 561 BC Nebuchadnezzar dies- empire declines, • 539 BC Persian Empire comes in • • • • • • • Persia Empire ( 550 B.C.E.) Modern day Iran descendents Cyrus the Great Conquers Asia Minor & Fertile Crescent Divided huge empire into provinces “Satraps” Built roads & canals to improve trade Conquered by Alexander the Great (Greece) Zoroasterism • Zoroaster- started Zoroasterism -1 god “Ahura Mazda in battle with evil forces of Ahriman -Humans make decisions on which side -One day Ahura Mazda will win and judge all humans -Good go to Heaven, evil go to Hell - “Avesta” ( a religious book based on the beliefs of prophet Zoroaster) Review for early civilizations • • • • See Powerpoints See Mesopotamia packet See unit outline handout Know your vocabulary Egypt (3000 B.C.E.) • Only civilization to continue to today • 2700-2100 Old Kingdom:Great Pyramids & Sphinx are built • 2100-1800 Middle Kingdom: Irrigation & canals built; conquered by invaders • 1600-1100 New Kingdom: conquered many lands, became a great empire, begins to decline Egypt • • • • Made paper from papyrus Invented the calendar Built Great Pyramids Invented shaduf ( a crane-like device) • Used a loom to weave cloth • Invented hieroglyphics Ancient Greece (500 B.C.E.) The Golden Age of Athens Or The Golden Age of Pericles Contributions of Greece • First democracy • Scientific approach to medicine • First dramas • Rules of Geometry • Philosophy • Literature & Poetry • Written Histories • City-States/voting • Hippocrates • • • • Euripides & Sophocles Euclid & Elements Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Homer & Sappho More Contributions of Greece • Studied & classified plants • Created magnificent buildings & sculpture • Architecture uses columns (Doric, Corinthian, and Ionic) Democracy • Democracy- a form of government in which the people rule • Direct Democracy- citizens participate directly in passing the laws • Representative Democracyrepresentatives are chosen to represent the people Democracy • Only males 18 or older can attend assembly & vote • No women • No slaves • No males from other countries Peloponnesian War • • • • Between Sparta & Athens Fought for control of Greece Lasted 27 years Sparta won! Sparta v Athens • Women equal to men • Taught to be loyal to the state & obey orders • Mandatory military service for 60 years • Loyalty over all else • Subservient women • Taught to question existence (philosophy) • Choice of occupations • Logic First & foremost King Philip II of Macedonia Defeated the Greek city-states after they were weakened by the Peloponnesian War. He united all the city-states under one rule, along with Macedonia. Philip II was murdered (awwwwww…) Alexander the Great • Became king after his father was murdered • Between age 20 & 22, he defeated King Darius and the Persian Empire • Alexander’s Empire was now largest in the world! ( It extended from Greece to India, including Alexandria in Egypt) • He died at age 32. http://kszczepaniak.myteacher.dvusd.com/stories/storyReader$126 http://home.cfl.rr.com/crossland/AncientCivilizations/Middle_East _Civilizations/Sumerians/sumerians.html