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Europe’s Transition to the Modern World From Medieval times to the Renaissance The fall of Rome and the Dark ages Rome fell in 476 AD signifying the end of the ancient world. After Rome fell organized government collapsed ushering in the Dark Ages. 1066 battle of Hastings signifies the reemergence of organized government, beginning the Middle Ages. Feudalism How Feudalism Works in a nutshell. The Black Death 1346-1352 Bubonic Plague causes swelling in buboes, fever, and death. Started in Mongolia and moved West along Silk Road . The Bacteria was carried by fleas, which live on black rats. Italian merchant ships took on loads of trade goods, which carried plague infested rats all across Europe. Black Death (cont.) 1347-First case of Bubonic Plague reported in the port cities of Sicily and Venice. Reached England in 1348. Spread quickly due to lack of sanitation and not knowing the cause. Many people saw this as the wrath of God and the end of the world, which caused the Jews to become victims of false blame. An Account of The Carnage “Trenches were dug, very broad and deep, and into these the bodies were thrown, and then covered with little earth…with my own hands I buried five of my children in a single trench…and no bells rang, and nobody wept no matter what the loss, because almost everyone expected death.” –Agnolo di Tura The Impact of the Black Death Killed 1/3rd of Europe’s population Fewer workers were available, allowing peasants to demand more freedom This cause massive peasant revolts. Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population Peasants revolted & demanded more freedom The Black Plague The Hundred Years War 1337-1429 Contributed to the decline of Feudalism because Kings could rely on large armies of common people, instead of expensive Knights. Lasted 116 years, waged on and off (not constant fighting). 3 million estimated killed during the war. The Hundred Years War French King Charles IV dies in 1328 with no male heir. (No son to become King) Two men attempted to claim the throne: 1. Edward III of England (Charles IV son-in-law) 2. Philip of Valois (Charles IV’s Nephew) England then invades France after Philip refuses to back down, begins the war Rise of Joan of Arc Fist part of the war England won important battles (Battle of Agincourt) and humiliated the French A young peasant woman hears voices from God and inspired to save France. Convinces Charles VII to let her lead an army against the English in 1429. She won several decisive battle including the Battle of Orleans, which pushed the English out of France. She was captured by the English and burned at the stake as a witch in 1431. Impact of the Hundred Years War People became more patriotic, more devoted to their monarch (king) than their feudal lord. Monarch (Kings) build huge armies with taxes they collected, which reduced the power of nobles (feudal lords). Hundred Years’ War Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population & price of crops went Peasants revolted & down demanded more freedom HYW allowed monarchs to build huge armies & reduced power of lords Trade and Commerce Change Town Life. Towns were centers for trade and shipping Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory, and porcelain could be bought in towns Guilds (trade groups) dominated social and civic life of towns (basically they controlled everything in a town) Guilds reflected the importance of Christianity in towns Town Life Town Life in Middle Ages Towns were small because society was based on agriculture. Nobles (Lords) had most of the power A. Lords owned the land the peasants farmed. B. Knights, owned by Lords, protected towns. Status was determined by Birthright Town Life in Renaissance Towns grew because society began to be based on commerce and more people started living in cities for jobs. Middle class had most of the power. A. limited the power of feudal lords by forcing them to grant charters (using their money to get charters). B. Gained control of money by organizing banks. Status determined by wealth. Trade and Commerce Killed 1/3 of Europe’s population & price of crops went Peasants revolted & down demanded more freedom HYW allowed monarchs to build huge armies & reduced power of lords People moved to cities to earn better wages Status determined by wealth & ability, not birthright Trade and Commerce Middle class merchants gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks Florence Run by the powerful banking family the Medici’s Maintained thieving industry in wool and silk trade. Sold insurance to sea trades to protect their investments The Medici’s promoted trade, banking, the arts, education, and civic pride The Medici Family The growth of Italian CityStates Each city state specialized in one commercial activity Milan: Metal goods and armor Florence: Banking and Textiles (Cloths) Venice: Asian goods (spices, silks, and porcelain) Rise of City-state Middle class merchants gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks Italian cities, tied to foreign partners, became rich & powerful • Renaissance • • Italian city-states displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists who created works with classical themes What was the Renaissance and why did it begin in Italy? Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth;” refers to revival in arts and learning Period when scholars became interested in ancient Greek and Roman Culture Italian city-states displayed their wealth by giving financial support to artists who created works with classical themes. The Crusades The Crusades Repeated attempts to recapture the Holy City of Jerusalem by European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims. Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world. The Spirit of the Renaissance A fascination with Greek and Roman culture (Classical) A belief in human potential, each person could achieve great things. Called Humanism Focused on earth rather than afterlife (heaven) Focused on education, especially in studying Greek and Roman culture. Humanism Spirit of Renaissance Middle class merchants gained control of great sums of money by organizing banks Italian cities, tied to foreign partners, became rich & powerful Crusades made Europeans eager to learn about the world Medici family used their profits to promote education & arts Scholars & artists looked to art & writing from Ancient Greece and Rome for guidance