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FIRST AID
DR.P.RAMESH BABU
M.B;B.S;A.F.I.H
MEDICAL SUPDT
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FIRST AID
STRUCTURE &
FUNCTIONS
OF
HUMAN BODY
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SKELETON
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The Axial
Skeleton
The Complete Skeleton
•Axial skeleton
–Skull
–Hyoid bone
–Vertebral column
–Thoracic (rib) cage
•Appendicular skeleton
–Limbs
–Girdles
• The skeleton is the framework of the
human anatomy, supporting the body
and protecting its internal organs.
• 206 compose the skeleton, about half
of which are in the hands and feet.
• Most of the bones are connected to
other bones at flexible joints, which
lend the framework a high degree of
flexibility.
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Skeleton
contd
Only one bone, the hyoid, is not directly
connected to another bone in such an articulation.
 It anchors the tongue and is attached to the
styloid processes of the skull by ligament.
 The skeletons of male and female bodies are
essentially the same, with the only noteworthy
exceptions being that female bones are usually
lighter and thinner than male bones, and the female
pelvis is shallower and wider than the male's. This
latter difference makes childbirth easier.
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The skull is one of the principle
groups of bones in the human
anatomy.
The skull consists of twenty-six
bones: eight bones form the
cranium,
which houses the brain and ear
ossicles, plus fourteen facial
bones, which form the front of
the face, jaw, nose, orbits, and
the roof of the mouth,
three more bones make up the
inner ear ossicles, and one
more, the hyoid bone, is in the
neck and is attached to the
temporal
bone by ligaments and
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anchors the tongue.
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The Skull
contd
• The skull is the skeleton of the head and is made up of
the following bones:
1. One on the top called Dome.
2. One in the front corresponding to the face called
Frontal.
3. Two-one on either side called the Parietals.
4. Two-one on either side below the Parietals called
Temporalis.
5. One behind corresponding to the back of the head is
called Occipital.
6. Two forming roof of the mouth or the Upper Jaw.
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Skull Cavity
Contains Brain
Emerges Spinal Cord
From Foramen Magnum ( a big hole in the base
Of skull) continuous as spinal cord in back bone.
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Superior View of Skull or
Cranium
• Functions
– Protects brain
– Supports organs of
special senses
• Superior view of
skull
– Parietal bones-top of
skull
– Frontal boneforehead
Modified from Fig. 7.2
Posterior View of Skull
• Hard palate-roof of
mouth
– Palatine
– Maxilla
Occipital
-back of head
Modified from Fig. 7.3
Lateral View of Skull
• Temporal bone
External auditory
meatus-earhole
• Zygomatic bonearch of cheek
• Mandible- Jawbone
• Sphenoid bone- at
temple
Modified from Fig. 7.4
Frontal View of Skull
• Zygomatic bones
• Nasal bones-top of
nose
• Inferior nasal
concha-inside nose
• Maxilla-moustache
bone
Modified from Fig. 7.6
Bones and Openings of Right
Orbit
• Ethmoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Sphenoid bone
Modified from Fig. 7.8
Inferior View of Skull
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Styloid processes
Modified from Fig. 7.12
Hyoid Bone and Auditory
Ossicles
• Hyoid bone
– Unpaired
– No direct bony
attachment to skull
– Attachment point for
some tongue muscles
– Attachment point for
neck muscles that
elevate larynx during
speech and
swallowing
• Auditory ossicles
Fig. 7.14
– Malleus, incus and
stapes
Vertebra
• Parts
–
–
–
–
Body
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch
Superior and inferior
articular processes
and facets
– Transverse process
– Articular facets for rib
– Spinous process
Modified from Fig. 7.19
Vertebral Column
• Regions
– Cervical (7
vertebrae)
– Thoracic (12
vertebrae)
– Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
– Sacral bone (1)
– Coccygeal bone (1)
Fig. 7.15
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas
– First vertebra
• Axis
– Second vertebra
– Dens or odontoid
process
Modified from Fig. 7.22
Thoracic and Lumbar
Vertebrae
Modified from Fig. 7.23
Modified from Fig. 7.24
Sacrum and Coccyx
Modified from Fig. 7.25
Thoracic or Rib Cage
and Sternum
Parts
•Thoracic vertebrae
•Ribs (12 pair)
•True or Vertebrosternal
•False
•floating
•Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid
process
•)
•
•
•
Parts
– Thoracic vertebrae
– Ribs (12 pair)
• True or Vertebrosternal
• False
floating
– Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid
process
)
Back Bone or Spine
( Vertebral Column)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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It consists of thirty three
Cervical ------07
Thoracic ----- 12 Separate
Lumbar ------ 05
Sacral -------- 05 fused
Coccyx ------- 04
In between each pair of vertebrae there is a thick
space called “Disc” which allows movement as well
as shock absorber.Central canal through which
spinal cord passes and carries nerve impulses to and
from the Brain.
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Ribs & Breast
Bone
( Sternum)
• 12 pairs attached to the corresponding
vertebrae at the back.
• 1 to 7 pairs – attached Breast bone front
• 8 to 10 pairs – attached to ribs above.
• 11 & 12 pairs – have no attachment in front
Floating Ribs.
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The Upper Limbs&Shoulder
1.Clavicle ( collar bone)
2. Scapula ( Shoulder blade)
Bones In Upper Limb
1. Humerus ( Upper arm bone)
2. Fore arm bones ---two
a) Radius – Outer side of fore arm
b) Ulna -- Inner side of fore arm.
The joint between upper arm & fore arm
is called Elbow joint.
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The
scapula (shoulder blade) is a
rougly triangular bone which, with the
clavicle, forms the pectoral, or shoulder,
girdle. The humerus, or upper arm
bone, articulates with the scapula to
form the shoulder joint. This articulation
takes place at the glenoid cavity, located
at the upper, lateral angle of the scapula.
The posterior of the scapula features a
laterally running spine ,which separates
the posterior surface into two unequal
areas. This spine continues laterally and
projects in the coracoid process and the
acromion (which articulates with the
medial end of the clavicle). Both of
these projections serve as sites of
attachment for connective tissue, and
the spine and acromion anchor the
trapezius and deltoids, specifically.
These connections give the pectoral
girdle a high degree of both flexibility
and strength.
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Scapula
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There are 8 carpal bones at the Wrist
5 Meta carpal bones in the palm of the Hand.
3 small bones in each finger called Phalanges.
2 bones for each Thumb.
Hand bones
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Pelvi
s
The pelvis creates the basin of the lower abdominal cavity.
It is formed by three separate bones which become fused: the ilium, the
ischium, and the pubis.
The ilium is the broad, wing-like segment which features the wide, slightly
concave surfaces of the back and sides of the pelvic girdle.
The ischium forms the smaller, lower, portion which bears the weight of the
body while sitting. The pubis creates an archway in the front of the basin
which allows the urethra, blood vessels, and nerves to pass through the pelvic
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girdle to the external genitalia and lower body.
The Pelvis & Lower Limbs
• 2 Hip bones one on either side joined
together form the Pelvis.
• The Pelvis forms a basin – shaped cavity
which contains intestines, Urinary bladder
and reproductive organs.
• There are two sockets one either side of
the Pelvis, where the thigh bones join
forming Hip joint
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Lower Limb
Femur ( Thigh Bone)
Longest & Strongest bone in
the body.
Upper end ---- Part of Hip joint
Lower end ---- Part of Knee
joint.
Patella ( Knee cap)
Small bone over the front of
the Knee joint lying loosely in the
muscles, ligaments and under the
skin.
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• Lower Limb
Leg
1. Tibia ( Shin Bone)
2. Fibula ( Brooch Bone)
Tibia: Extends from Knee joint to Ankle joint.
Fibula: Lies on the outer side of Tibia.
It does not participate in the formation of
Knee joint, But lower end forms outer part of the
ankle joint.
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FOOT
Tarsals ---- 7 Irregular bones at
the “Instep”
Largest, the heel-bone and
the upper most forms the lower
part of ankle joint.
Meta tarsals – 5 long bones in
front of the instep support the
toes.
Phalanges -- 14 in number, 2 in
big toe and three in each of
other 4 toes.
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Joints
• Joints are at the junction of two or more
bones.
• There may be no movement as in skull
• Or there may be movements as in Knee,
Elbow, Shoulder and Hip joints.
• Ends of the bones are covered by
cartilage and is overall again encased in
capsule with some lubricant material
inside the joint.
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Primarily meant to produce
movement of the Limbs &
Organs.
There are Broadly two types
of muscles
1. Voluntary – cause
movement under the will.
2. In voluntary – with out
the will like
Heart, lungs,
brain, kidneys etc.
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Muscles of abdominal wall
Muscles of Upper Limb
Muscles of back
Muscles of Face
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Muscles of
Feet
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Muscles of Leg
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Nervous system
The muscles go in action called
contraction by stimuli of nerves
arising from brain & spinal cord
carrying motor impulses.
The damage to the nerves results
in paralysis of the muscles.
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Ligaments
Thickened portions of the joint capsule are called ligaments.
They check movements beyond normal permissible limits.
If there is simple injury to the ligaments of the joints, it is called sprain.
Connective Tissue
Consists of yellow elastic & white fibrous tissue intermixed
in varying proportions.
Present in many parts of the body & forms a layer between
the skin and underlying muscles all over the body.
Fat being contained between its meshes, often in large
quantities
Chief use is bind parts together.
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• Functions of the Body
• PHYSIOLGY: Study of normal changes
and activities which go on living beings.
• Heart,lungs,Kidneys etc are called organs.
• Their special work is called function.
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• Covers the whole body.
• Protects underlying
structures.
• Two layers.
1. Cuticle – outer hard layer.
2. Dermis ( True Skin) inner
layer
• The skin has the largest
surface area of any organ in
the body and is the heaviest
skin
On the surface are the sensitive papillae, and within are certain organs with special
functions, the sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. The skin protects
the internal organs of the body against infection, injury, and harmful sun rays. It
also plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature. Although the
skin of an average-sized adult may weigh as much as twenty pounds, it is only
paper thin in some places and not much thicker in others.
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Blood circulation - brain
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Blood - abdomen
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Brain
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Brain
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Brain-post
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Chest-ant
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Diaphragm
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ear
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Eye
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Eye
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EYE-MUSCLE
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KUB
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Reproductive organs
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Glands - Neck
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Heart
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Heart
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Internal ear
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Kidney
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Kidney
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KNee
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Knee post
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larynx
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LARYNX-INNER
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LARYNX - ANT
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LARYNX-POST
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TRACHEA
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LUNG
RT
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LT
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LUNGS
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abdomen
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Abdomen
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STOMACH
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LIVER - ANT
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LIVER - INT
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LARGE INTESTINE
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MALE – REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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FACE - MUSCLES
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NASAL PASSAGES
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PANCREAS
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PELVIS
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SHOULDER
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SKULL
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SPINE
ANT
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POST
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SPINAL CORD- DORSAL
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SPINAL CORD
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VERTEBRA
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VERTEBRA
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TEETH
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TONGUE
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SPLEEN
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STERNUM
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TIBIA
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CPR
BLOWING
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HAND POSITION
PUMPING
QUICK
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