Download Network Architectures

EE5406 Wireless
Network Protocols –
Network Architectures
Dr. David Wong Tung Chong
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~wongtc/course.html
Academic Year 2010/2011
Outline
• Network Architectures
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GSM (2G Cellular)
GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
UMTS (3G Cellular)
LTE (3.9G Cellular)
LTE Advanced (4G Cellular)
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX WMAN
IEEE 802.11 WLAN
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth WPAN
IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee WPAN
ECMA 368 (WiMedia) WPAN
IEEE 802.15.3c WPAN
ECMA 387 WPAN
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GSM (2G Cellular)
AuC,
EIR
PSTN,
PLMN,
ISDN
VLR
HLR
OSS
GMSC
MSC
NSS
BTS
BTS
MT
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
MT
BSS
BSC
BSC
MT
MT
MT
MT
BSS – base station subsystem
MT – mobile terminal
NSS – network and switching
subsystem
OSS – operation and support
subsystem
BTS – base transceiver
stations
BSC – base station controller
AuC – authentication center
EIR – equipment identity
register
HLR – home location register
VLR – visitor location register
MSC – mobile switching center
GMSC – gateway MSC
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
PLMN – public land mobile
network
ISDN – integrated services
digital network
Figure 1. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Network Architecture
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GSM (2G Cellular)
•
The GSM system consists of three subsystems
– Base station subsystem (BSS)
– Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
– Operation and support subsystem (OSS)
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Base station subsystem (BSS)
– BSS consists of
• Base transceiver stations (BTSs)
• Base station controller (BSC)
– The role of the BSS is to provide transmission paths between the
mobiles and the NSS.
– The BTS is the radio access point.
– Each BTS serves one cell.
– The main functions of the BSC are cell management, control of a
BTS and exchange functions.
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GSM (2G Cellular)
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Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
– NSS includes switching and location management functions.
– NSS consists of
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mobile switching center (MSC)
home location register (HLR)
visitor location register (VLR)
gateway MSC (GMSC)
authentication center (AuC)
equipment identity register (EIR)
– The MSC is a complete exchange with switching and signaling capabilities.
– GMSC provides interface between the mobile network and public switched
telephone network (PSTN), public land mobile network (PLMN) and
integrated services digital network (ISDN).
– MSC is capable of routing calls from the BTS and BSC to mobile users in
the same network (through BSC and BTS) or to users in the PSTN, PLMN
and ISDN (through GMSC) or to answering machines integrated within the
MSC.
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GSM (2G Cellular)
– HLR and VLR are databases for location management.
– The HLR stores the identity and user data of all subscribers
belonging to the mobile operator for both local and aboard
(roaming) users.
– The VLR contains the permanent data found in the HLR of the
user’s original network for all subscribers currently residing in its
MSC serving area.
– That is, VLR contains data of its own subscribers of the network
that are in its serving area, as well as that (temporary data) of
roamers from other GSM networks.
– The AuC is related to HLR and contains sets of parameters needed
for authentication procedures for the mobile stations.
– EIR is an optional database that contains numbers of the mobile
phone equipments.
– The purpose of EIR is to prevent usage of stolen mobile stations or
to bar malfunctioning equipment.
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
GSM core
HLR
PSTN,
PLMN,
ISDN
GMSC
MSC/VLR
BSS
SGSN
BSC
BTS
IP
backbone
network
MT
GGSN
GGSN
Internet
Data
network
BTS
BTS
MT
GPRS
core
MT
BSS – base station subsystem
MT – mobile terminal
BTS – base transceiver stations
HLR – home location register
VLR – visitor location register
GMSC – gateway mobile
switching center
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
PLMN – public land mobile
network
ISDN – integrated services digital
network
SGSN – serving GPRS support
node
GGSN – gateway GPRS support
node
MT
Figure 2. General Packet Radio System (GPRS) Network Architecture
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
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•
GPRS is a hardware and software upgrade to the existing GSM
system.
Two new network nodes are added:
– Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
– Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)
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•
SGSN is responsible for the delivery of packets from/to mobile
stations within its service area.
Its main tasks are
– Mobility management:
• Location management
• Attachment/detachment
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Packet routing
Logical link management
Authentication
Charging functions
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
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GGSN acts as an interface between the GPRS packet network
and external packet-based networks like the Internet.
It converts protocol data packet (PDP) address from the external
packet-based networks to the GSM address of the specified
user and vice versa.
For each session in GPRS, a PDP context to describe the
session is created.
It describes
– PDP type (e.g., IPv4)
– PDP address
•
assigned to the mobile station for that session only
– Requested quality of service (QoS) profile
– Address of the GGSN
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•
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the access node to that packet network
There may be several SGSNs or GGSNs.
All GPRS support nodes are connected through an IP-based
GPRS backbone network.
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
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HLR stores the followings:
– User profile
– Current SGSN address
– PDP address(es)
• e.g., IP address for communication with Internet
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MSC/VLR is extended with additional functions that allows
coordination between GSM circuit-switched services (e.g., telephony)
and GPRS packet-switched services.
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Packet-switched services
Real-time multimedia
World Wide Web (WWW)
File download
E-mail
Each of these services has different QoS requirements.
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
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GPRS QoS profiles
– Service precedence
• High priority
• Normal priority
• Low priority
– Reliability - Transmission characteristics of the GPRS network
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Loss probability
Duplication
Misinsertion
Handling of corruption of packets
– Delay
• Average delay
• Maximum delay
• 95% of all transfer
– Throughput
• Mean bit rate
• Maximum bit rate
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
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GPRS has three states for location management:
– Idle
– Ready
– Standby
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In idle state, the network does not know the location of the
mobile station and no PDP context is associated with the
station.
When the mobile station sends or receives packets, it is in ready
state.
In this state the network knows which cell the user is in.
After being silent for a period of time, mobile station reaches
standby state.
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GPRS (2G+ Cellular)
•
To locate a mobile,
– In standby state
• a GSM location area is divided into several routing areas (RAs)
• the network performs paging in the current RA
– In ready state
• there is no need for paging
– In idle state
• the network is paging all BTSs in the current location of the mobile
station
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•
GPRS utilizes the same radio access network as GSM.
Third generation mobile networks have defined different radio
interfaces to provide higher bit rate services to users.
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
MT
MT
CS domain
Node B
:
:
RNC
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
Node B
PSTN,
PLMN,
ISDN
MT
:
:
HLR
Node B
:
:
MT
RNC
Node B
UTRAN
PS domain
GGSN
Internet
GGSN
Other data
network
SGSN
Core network
External networks
MT – mobile terminal
Node B – a network component
that serves one cell
RNC – radio network controller
HLR – home location register
VLR – visitor location register
MSC – mobile switching center
GMSC – gateway MSC
CS – circuit-switched
PS – packet-switched
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
PLMN – public land mobile
network
ISDN – integrated services
digital network
SGSN – serving GPRS support
node
GGSN – gateway GPRS support
node
UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
Figure 3. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Network Architecture
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
• UMTS’s basic architecture is split into two domains:
– User equipment (UE) domain
– Infrastructure domain
• UE is used by users to access UMTS services.
• It includes identity module and mobile equipment.
• The mobile equipment performs radio communication
with the network and contains applications for the
services.
• The infrastructure domain is further split into two
domains:
– Network access (NA) domain
– Core network (CN) domain
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
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The NA domain consists of physical entities (nodes), which
manage the radio resources.
The CN domain consists of physical entities, which provide
support for the features and telecommunication services like call
management, mobility management, etc.
There are two types of NA:
– Base station subsystem (BSS)
– Radio network system (RNS)
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BSS is the GSM radio access network solution, which is also
used by GPRS.
BSS consists of the base station controller (BSC) and base
transceiver stations (BTSs).
Each BTS serves one cell.
Usually several BTSs are grouped in a base station and place
on a single site.
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
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For UTRAN, network elements are responsible for
– Radio resource management
– Handover management
– Power control
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RNS is the network system, which corresponds to the GSM BSS.
However, RNS is significantly different from the GSM access
operation.
RNS consists of the radio network controller (RNC), which controls
the radio access nodes called Node B.
A Node B is a network component that serves one cell.
There are different types of Node B like macrocells, microcells and
picocells with different requirements in traffic, coverage and services.
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
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There are two types of Node B:
– Node B FDD
– Node B TDD
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Node B FDD is planned for wider coverage area (macrocells,
microcells).
Node B TDD is targeted to hot spot in coverage.
The core network consists of two domains:
– circuit-switched (CS) domain
– packet-switched (PS) domain
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These two domains in CN are overlapping in some common
elements.
CS mode is the GSM mode of operation, while PS mode is
supported by GPRS.
The entities specific to CS domain are MSC and GMSC.
The entities specific to PS domain are GGSN and SGSN.
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UMTS (3G Cellular)
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There are entities shared by both the CS and PS domains:
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HSS is a master database for a given user with the following
information:
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Home subscriber server (HSS)
Authentication center (AuC)
Equipment identity register (EIR)
Visitor location register (VLR)
SMS-support nodes
user identification (numbering, address information)
user security information (authentication, authorization)
user location information
user profile information (to services the user has access)
HLRs for CS and PS domains are subsets of HSS.
HSS also provides IP multimedia functionality in the core network.
Other common entities have similar functions as described for GSM
and GPRS.
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
MT
Other Access
Types (WLAN,…)
MT
eNode B
IMS
Serving
GW
MGW
PDN GW
eNode B
P/I/S-CSCF
MT
MGCF
PCRF
:
:
IP network
eNode B
MME
EPC
MT
eNode B
E-UTRAN
HSS
PSTN
External networks
MT – mobile terminal
eNode B – an evolved network
component that serves one cell
Serving GW – serving gateway
MME – mobility management entity
HSS – home subscriber server
PDN GW – packet data network
gateway
PCRF – policy and charging rules
functions
EPC – evolved packet core
WLAN – wireless local area network
P/I/S-CSCF –
proxy/interrogating/serving –call
session control function
MGCF – media gateway control
function
MGW – media gateway
IMS – IP multimedia subsystem
IP – internet protocol
PSTN – public switched telephone
network
E-UTRAN – Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
Figure 4. Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Architecture
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
•
In the evolved UMTS evolution, also known as Evolved Packet System
(EPS), the new blocks are
– the Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), also known as the evolved access
network.
– and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), also known as the evolved packet core
network.
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E-UTRAN consists of a networks of evolved nodeBs (eNodeBs).
There is no centralized controller in E-UTRAN.
Thus, the E-UTRAN architecture is known to be flat.
The eNodeBs are normally connected to each other by an interface
known as X2.
The eNodeBs are connected to the mobility management entity (MME)
by an interface known as S1-MME and to the serving gateway (GW) by
an interface known as S1-U.
The protocols that is running between the eNodeBs and the MT (or user
equipment (UE)) are known as the Access Stratum (AS) protocols.
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
•
The E-UTRAN is responsible for all radio-related functions like
– Radio Resource Management
• All functions related to the radio bearers
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Radio bearer control
Radio admission control
Scheduling
Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both the uplink and downlink
– Header Compression
• Compress IP packet headers
• Otherwise, significant overhead for small packets such as voice over IP
(VoIP)
– Security
• Encrypted all data that are sent over the radio interface
– Connectivity to the EPC
• This consists of the signalling towards the MME and the bearer path
towards the serving GW.
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
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The EPC consists of several functional entities
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Mobility management entity (MME)
Serving gateway (GW)
Packet data network (PDN) gateway
Policy and charging rules function (PCRF)
MME
– In charge of all the control plane functions related to subscriber and session
management
– Security procedures
– Terminal-to-network session handling
– Idle terminal location management
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•
The MME is connected to the home subscriber server (HSS) through
an interface known as S6.
HSS is the concatenation of the home location register (HLR) and the
authentication center (AuC).
HSS supports the database containing all subscription information.
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
•
Serving GW
– Termination point of packet data interface towards E-UTRAN
– Serves as local mobility anchor when UEs move across eNodeBs
• Packets are routed through this point for intra E-UTRAN mobility and
mobility with other 3GPP technologies such as 2G GSM and 3G UMTS.
•
PDN GW
– Termination point of packet data interface towards PDN.
– Anchor point for sessions towards the PDN.
– Supports policy enforcement features (which apply operatordefined rules for resource allocation and usage)
– Packet filtering (like deep packet inspection for virus signature
detection)
– Evolved charging support (like per URL charging)
•
URL is an address of a web page on the world wide web
(WWW).
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
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Policy and charging rule functions (PCRF)
– Responsible for policy control decision-making and for controlling
the flow-based charging functionalities in the PDN GW.
– Provides QoS authorization of data flow through PDN GW.
– Ensures user’s subscription profile.
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The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is a generic platform
offering IP-based multimedia services.
The call session control function (CSCF) play a key role in IMS
architecture.
CSCF has three types
– Proxy
– Interrogating
– Serving
•
CSCF establishes, terminates and modifies IMS sessions.
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LTE (3.9G Cellular)
•
Multimedia gateway control function (MGCF)
– Supports call control protocol conversion.
– Supports media gateway (MGW).
– Supports interrogating CSCF.
•
MGW
– Responsible for media conversion.
– Responsible for bearer control.
– Payload processing (e.g., codec, echo canceller, …).
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MT
RN
LTE Advanced (4G Cellular)
Other Access
Types (WLAN,…)
MT
eNode B
IMS
Serving
GW
MGW
PDN GW
eNode B
P/I/S-CSCF
MT
MGCF
PCRF
MME
IP network
HeNode B
HeNB
-GW
EPC
MT
HeNode B
E-UTRAN
MT
HSS
PSTN
External networks
MT – mobile terminal
RN – relay node
eNode B – an evolved network
component that serves one cell
HeNodeB – an evolved network
component that serves one
femtocell
Serving GW – serving gateway
MME – mobility management entity
HSS – home subscriber server
PDN GW – packet data network gateway
PCRF – policy and charging rules
functions
EPC – evolved packet core
WLAN – wireless local area network
P/I/S-CSCF – proxy/interrogating/serving
–call session control function
MGCF – media gateway control function
MGW – media gateway
IMS – IP multimedia subsystem
IP – internet protocol
PSTN – public switched telephone
network
E-UTRAN – Evolved UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access Network
Figure 5. Long Term Evolution (LTE) Advanced Network Architecture
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LTE Advanced (4G Cellular)
•
The E-UTRAN for LTE Advanced can support Home eNodeB
(HeNodeB) which is also known as a femtocell.
– HeNodeB are basically eNodeB of lower cost for indoor coverage
improvement.
– HeNodeB can be connected to the evolved packet core (ECP) directly or
via a HeNodeB gateway (GW) which provides support for a large number
of HeNodeBs.
•
•
The E-UTRAN for LTE Advanced is also considering support of relay
nodes and enhanced relaying strategies for increased coverage, higher
data rates and better QoS performance and fairness for different users.
The EPC is not undergoing major changes from the standardized
system and architecture evolution (SAE) project.
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX WMAN
CSN
ASN
Internet
CSN
ASN GW
PSTN
Other
operator
CSN
Wimax BS
Wimax BSs
PMP
mode
Mesh mode
MS
MHR mode
RN
MS
MS
RN
RN
3G
MS
MS
RN
BS – base station
RN – relay node
MS – mobile
subscriber/station
ASN – access services
network
ASN GW – ASN gateway
CSN – core services
network
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
PMP – point-to-multipoint
MHR – multi-hop relay
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
Figure 6. IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) Network
Architecture
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX WMAN
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•
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The access services network (ASN) is the access network of
WiMAX.
ASN provides the interface between the user and the core
services network (CSN).
ASN
– Handover
– Authentication through the proxy authentication, authorization and
accounting (AAA) server
– Radio resource management
– Interoperability with other ASNs
– Relay of functionality between CSN and mobile station (MS), e.g.,
IP address allocation
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IEEE 802.16 WiMAX WMAN
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ASN gateway
– Connection and mobility management.
– Interservice provider network boundaries through processing of
subscriber control and bearer data traffic.
– Serves as an extensible authentication protocol (EAP)
authenticator for subscriber identity.
– Acts as a remote authentication dial-in user service (RADIUS)
client to the operator’s AAA servers.
•
CSN
– Transport, authentication and switching part of the network.
– Represents the core network in WiMAX.
– Consists of home agent (HA), AAA system and IP servers
(gateways to other networks like Internet, public switched
telephone network (PSTN), 3G, etc.)
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IEEE 802.11 WLAN –
Infrastructure Mode
Extended
service set
IEEE 802.x LAN
Portal
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area network
Distribution
system
Basic
service
set
AP/STA1
Basic
service
set
STA2
STA4
STA6
STA3
AP/STA5
STA8
STA7
Figure 7. IEEE 802.11 WLAN (Infrastructure Mode) Network Architecture
32
IEEE 802.11 WLAN –
Infrastructure Mode
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The smallest building block of a wireless LAN is a basic service set
(BSS).
BSS consists of a number of stations (STAs) executing the same
medium access control (MAC) protocol and competing for access to
the same shared wireless medium.
A BSS may be isolated or it may be connected to a backbone
distribution system (DS) through an access point (AP).
The access point functions as a bridge.
The MAC protocol may be fully distributed or controlled by a central
coordination function housed in the access point.
The BSS generally corresponds to a cell.
The DS can be a switch, a wired network or a wireless network.
The figure above shows the simplest configuration, where each
station belongs to a single BSS.
That is, each station is within wireless range only of other stations
within the same BSS.
It is also possible for two BSSs to overlapped geographically, so that
a single station could participate in more than one BSS.
33
IEEE 802.11 WLAN –
Infrastructure Mode
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•
•
•
•
•
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•
•
Furthermore, the association between a station and a BSS is dynamic.
Stations may turn off, come within range, and go out of range.
An extended service set (ESS) consists of two or more basic service
sets (BSSs) interconnected by a distribution system (DS).
Typically, the distribution system is a wired backbone LAN but can be
any communications network.
The extended service set appears as a single logical LAN to the logical
link control (LLC) level.
Figure 7 shows the access point (AP) is implemented as part of a
station.
The AP is the logic within a station that provides access to the DS by
providing DS services in addition to acting as a station.
A portal is used to integrate the IEEE 802.11 architecture with a
traditional wired LAN (IEEE 802.x).
The portal logic is implemented in a device such as a bridge or a router,
that is part of the wired LAN, and is attached to the distribution system
(DS).
34
IEEE 802.11 WLAN – Ad Hoc
Mode
STA1
STA2
STA4
STA – station
STA3
Figure 8. IEEE 802.11 WLAN (Ad Hoc Mode) Network Architecture
35
IEEE 802.11 WLAN – Ad Hoc
Mode
• In the ad hoc network architecture, stations
are connected directly to each other in an ad
hoc manner without an AP.
• This is like a mesh network topology or
sometimes known as peer-to-peer network
topology.
• This mode of operation is also known as an
independent BSS (IBSS).
36
IEEE 802.11 WLAN – Wireless
Mesh Mode
Extended
service set
IEEE 802.x LAN
Portal
Distribution
system
AP/STA5
B
S
S
STA2
STA4
STA3
B
S
S
AP/
STA
9
STA
10
STA11
B
S
S
AP/
STA
12
STA6
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area
network
BSS – basic service
set
STA8 B
S
STA7
S
STA
13
STA14
Figure 9. IEEE 802.11 WLAN (Wireless Mesh Mode) Network Architecture
37
IEEE 802.11 WLAN – Wireless
Mesh Mode
• In the wireless mesh network topology, the
distribution system can be a wireless mesh
network among the access points.
38
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth WPAN
Wired
LAN
PSTN
Bluetooth
piconet
Cellular
Network
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area network
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
BTS – base transceiver station
BTS
Figure 10. Bluetooth Network Architecture
39
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth WPAN
• Bluetooth can be used to connect different devices
like mobile phone, printer, walkman, etc., to a
laptop in a small personal area network called a
piconet.
• The laptop can be connected to the LAN via an
access point.
• A mobile phone can also be connected to a base
station in a cellular network which in turn is
connected to a PSTN.
40
IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee WPAN
PANC – Personal area network
coordinator
PANC
PANC
Full-function device (FFD)
Reduced-function device (RFD)
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee Network Topologies (a) star; (b) peer-to-peer
41
IEEE 802.15.4 Zigbee WPAN
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The PAN coordinator is the principal controller of a PAN.
PANC is a full-function device (FFD).
PANC can initiate a communication, terminate the
communication and route it around the network.
An IEEE 802.15.4 network has exactly one PANC.
An FFD can connect to both FFDs and reduced-function devices
(RFDs).
A RFD can connect to only a FFD.
Simple applications of a RFD are a light sensor and a lighting
controller.
A FFD can take up roles of a coordinator and a router.
42
ECMA 368 (WiMedia) WPAN
Wired
LAN
PSTN
ECMA
368
piconet
Cellular
Network
PNC
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area network
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
BTS – base transceiver station
PNC – piconet coordinator
BTS
Figure 12. ECMA 368 Network Architecture
43
ECMA 368 (WiMedia) WPAN
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WiMedia can be used to connect different devices like mobile phone,
printer, storage device, MP3/4 player, etc., to a laptop in a small
wireless personal area network (WPAN) such as a piconet as known in
Bluetooth.
A WPAN for WiMedia is shown in Figure 12.
The connectivity between the laptop and the devices can be done using
Wireless USB.
Wireless USB makes use of a type of reservation known as Private
Distributed Reservation Protocol in WiMedia medium access control.
The laptop can be connected to the local area network (LAN) via an
access point.
A mobile phone can also be connected to a base station in a cellular
network which in turn is connected to a public switched telephone
network (PSTN).
This example shows a star topology but WiMedia does not need to be
in this topology only.
As it has a distributed medium access control, WiMedia can have other
topologies, e.g., those with mesh-connectivity.
44
IEEE 802.15.3c WPAN
Wired
LAN
PSTN
IEEE
802.15.3c
piconet
Cellular
Network
PNC
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area network
PSTN – public switched
telephone network
BTS – base transceiver station
PNC – piconet coordinator
BTS
HDTV
Figure 13. IEEE 802.15.3c Network Architecture
45
IEEE 802.15.3c WPAN
• The PHY specifies three modes and one common mode.
• The three PHY modes are as follows:
– Single carrier (SC) mode optimized for low power and low
complexity.
– High-speed interface (HSI) mode optimized for low-latency
bidirectional data transfer.
– Audio/video (AV) mode optimized for the delivery of
uncompressed, high-definition video and audio.
• Also defined as a part of the alternate PHY is commonmode signaling, which is a PHY mode that allows devices
using different PHY modes to communicate.
46
ECMA 387 WPAN
AP – access point
STA – station
LAN – local area network
PNC – piconet coordinator
HDTV – high definition television
Wired
LAN
B
PNC
ECMA
387
piconet
A
A
B
B
HDTV
HDTV
HDTV
A
A
B
HDTV
(a)
B
A
A
(b)
Figure 14. ECMA 387 Network Topologies (a) star; (b) mesh (types A and B devices)
47
ECMA 387 WPAN
• The standard provides high rate wireless personal area
network (including point-to-point) transport for both bulk
data transfer and multimedia streaming.
• The key usage cases and applications are:
– High definition (uncompressed / lightly compressed) AV
streaming
– Wireless docking station
– Short Range “Sync & Go”.
• The standard defines two device types that interoperate
with their own types independently and that can coexist
and interoperate with the other types.
• Thus, it offers a heterogeneous network solution that
provides interoperability between all device types.
48
ECMA 387 WPAN
•
•
•
•
•
•
The two device types are defined as follows:
A type A device offers video streaming and WPAN applications in 10meter range line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) multipath
environments.
It uses high gain trainable antennas.
This device type is considered as the ‘high end’ - high performance
device.
A second type B device offers video and data applications over shorter
range (1-3 meters) point-to-point LOS links with non-trainable
antennas.
It is considered as the ‘economy’ device and trades off range and
NLOS performance in favour of low cost implementation and low
power consumption.
49
References
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
David Tung Chong Wong, Peng-Yong Kong, Ying-Chang Liang, Kee Chaing
Chua and Jon W. Mark, Wireless Broadband Networks, John Wiley and Sons,
2009.
Yang Xiao and Yi Pan (Editors), Emerging Wireless LANs, Wireless PANs, and
Wireless MANs, John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
P. Lescuyer and T. Lucidarme, Evolved Packet System (EPS), John Wiley and
Sons, 2008.
Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik and Matthew Baker, LTE – The UMTS Long Term
Evolution: from Theory to Practice, John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
Yan Zhang (Editor), WiMax Network Planning and Optimization, CRC Press,
2009.
Tony Janevski, Traffic Analysis and Design of Wireless IP Networks, Artech
House, 2003.
William Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks, Prentice Hall, 2002.
Amjad Umar, Mobile Computing and Wireless Communications, NGE Solutions,
2004.
Ecma/TC48/2010/025 (Rev. 2 – 30 June 2010), ECMA-387 2nd Edition: High
Rate 60GHz PHY, MAC and HDMI PAL Whitepaper, June 2010.
50