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BIOLOGY
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Chapter 4
Variation of living organisms
And their classification
 What is meant by: Taxonomy (Classification)?
 Classification: is to put living organisms into groups according to their
similarities and differences.
*
* Tell why it is important to study taxonomy?
-- It makes it easy to study and identify living organisms.
Aristotle's Classification
Aristotle classified animals into:
* Oviparous:
* Viviparous:
* or Red-blooded and bloodless
 He also classified plants into:
 Trees
Shrubs
herbs
Johan Ray's Classification
 He classified living organisms according to the similarities in their
external (morphological) features.
 Species is the unit of classification
 Species: is a group of individual similar in morphological and parental
characters, and produce fertile offspring if crossed together.
 Tell why: Horse and donkey are not the same species.
 Because they don't produce fertile offspring if crossed together.
Carl Linnaeus Classification
 He used scientific principles in taxonomy.
 He classified living organism into 2 Kingdoms
1- Animal kingdom
2- Plant kingdom.
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BIOLOGY
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
 What is meant by: binomial system of nomenclature?
 Binomial system of nomenclature: in which the living organisms is
given a name of two parts (Genus and species)
 He gave each living organism scientific name, this scientific name
consists of two parts:
 the Genus name (which starts with a capital letter)
The species name (which starts with a small letter).
e.g.: Tilapia nilotica (Bolti fish) Schistosoma haematobium.
The two parts are underlined or italics.
 Why did Carl Linnaeus choose the Latin language?
 Because it is an old language and not spoken by people and it has
protected from change.
 Series of taxonomy:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus species.
Old system of classification
In which living organisms are classified into two kingdoms Kingdom
animalia and kingdom planta.
*Contradicts against the old system:
 Some living organisms have the characteristics of both plants and animals.
e.g.: Bacteria
Blue green algae.
 The old system of classification depends on stability of species this contradicts
With the theory of evolution.
The theory of evolution states that: similar living organism descend from a
common ancestor.
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BIOLOGY
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Recent system of classification
One of the recent systems of Taxonomy, which is suggested by R.Whittaker,
depends on classifying the living organisms into five kingdoms (instead of two).
 This system depends on the type and the number of cells and the methods of
obtaining food, they are:
 Kingdom: Monera
 Kingdom: Fungi
 Kingdom: Animalia.
 Kingdom: Protista.
 Kingdom: Plantae.
Viruses
There are certain organisms which have some characteristics of both living and
non –living these are viruses.
They are similar to living organisms in having nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
They are similar to the non-living in existing in most cases in a crystalline
form.
The size ranges between 10-100 millimicrons
They are Obligate parasites…………Why?
 Because they absolutely require living host cells in order to multiply.
 Viruses are highly specific …………………..Why?
 Because each virus can infect certain specific organism even certain cells of
that organism.
Diseases caused by Viruses are:
Influenza, Rabies, Yellow fever, common cold, small pox and infantile paralysis.
Old system of classification
Depends on similarities and
differences of living organism.
It classified the living organisms into
two kingdoms.
I doesn't go with evolution theory
Modern system of classification
Depends on the type and number of
cells and the methods of obtaining food
It classified the living organisms into
five kingdoms
It goes with evolution theory.
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BIOLOGY
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Monera
Kingdom Monera includes 2 phyla:
 Phylum: Schizophyta
 Phylum: Cyanophyta.
General characteristics of Monera
 Unicellular organisms.
 Cell wall is devoid of cellulose or pectin.
 The cytoplasm is devoid of some cell organelles.
 The nucleus is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane, hereditary material
appear in the form of chromosomes in the cytoplasm.
Phylum schizophyta
* Exist every where
* very small in size.
* There are different shapes of bacterial cells these are:
1- Spherical shaped
2- Rod shaped
3- Spiral shaped.
Feeding in bacteria
Self feeding (Autotrophic): they carry out photosynthesis
 Non- self feeding (heterotrophic).
1- Parasites: that feed on living organisms causing diseases for them.
2- Saprophytes: that feed on organisms causing decay.
Importance of bacteria to man:
Harmful bacteria
Useful bacteria
Which cause diseases to man such as: Which are used in: Yoghurt, Vinegar
Cholera, tuberculosis, Diphtheria, eye Industry, and Leather tanning.
diseases.
Phylum: Cyanophyta (Blue green algae)
 They resemble bacteria.
 Most of them are blue green.
 They are autotrophic.
 E.g.: Nostoc
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Quiz
Choose the correct answer from those between brackets:
1- …………classified animals into; Oviparous and Viviparous.
(Johan Ray- Aristotle –Carl Linnaeus)
2- ………….Classification is known as natural taxonomy.
(Johan Ray- Aristotle –Carl Linnaeus)
3- The old system of classification is a ………..kingdom system.
(Two- four – five)
4- In ……..,the cell wall is devoid of cellulose or pectin.
(Plants- Monerans –protists)
5- Nostoc belongs to …………
(Plants – Monera – Protista- Fungi)
Give scientific term:
1- Unicellular organisms in which the nuclear membrane, the nucleus and the cell
organelles are absent.
2- Bacteria feed on other living organisms causing diseases for them.
3- Is to put living organisms into groups according their similarities and differences.
4- Animals which give birth.
5- Is the first who classified living organisms on scientific bases.
6- Living organisms that can live only as parasites.
Give scientific reasons:
1-Both Johan Ray and Carl Linnaeus classified living organisms according to the
same scientific basis.
2- Carl Linnaeus used the Latin language to give organisms scientific names.
3- Viruses are considered as living and non-living organism.
4- All viruses are obligate parasites.
5- Viruses are highly specific.
6- Importance of Bacteria to man.
Write short notes on:
1- Aristotle's classification.
2-Johan Ray's classification.
3- Binomial system of nomenclature.
4- Old system of classification.
5- Recent system of classification.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Protista
Give reasons: Protista are more developed than Monera.
Because:
 The cytoplasm contains plastids.
 The nucleus is surrounded by nuclear membrane.
 The hereditary material takes the shape of chromosomal threads.
 It represents a mixture of both plant and animal characters.
Monera
Protista
* They are the simplest from of cellular They have the characters of both
organisms.
plants and animals.
They are unicellular organisms.
The cell has a cell wall which has no
cellulose or pectin.
The nuclear membrane, the nucleolus
and cell organelles are absent.
The genetic material appears in form of
bacterial chromosomes.
They are unicellular organisms.
The cell only enclosed by a cell
membrane.
The nuclear membrane and the cell
organelles are present.
The genetic material appears in the
form of chromosomal threads.
Kingdom: Protista
 Phylum: Euglenophyta.
Phylum: Chrysophyta.
Phylum: Protozoa
Phylum: Euglenophyta.
E.g.: Euglena
* It lives in fresh water ponds.
* It contains green plastids.
* Move by flagellum.
Kingdom: Protista
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 Phylum: Chrysophyta
E.g.: Golden algae
Diatoms
 Most of them live in marine or fresh water.
 Economic importance of diatoms:
 They form petroleum.
* A source of fish food.
 Phylum: protozoa
- Class: Sarcodina.
- Class: Flagellata.
- Class: Ciliata.
- Class: Sporozoa.
* They live in fresh water and salty water.
* Most of them are parasites.
*they reproduce sexually and a sexual.
* The cytoplasm is differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm.
a)Class: Sarcodina
E.g.: Amoeba
E.g.: Entamoeba
* Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentery.
* They move by Pseudopodia.
b) Class: Flagellata.
E.g.: Trypanosome
* It causes the sleeping disease which is
Transmitted by Tse Tse fly.
 It moves by flagellum.
C) Class: Ciliata.
E.g.: Paramecium.
* It moves by cilia.
d) Class: Sporozoa
E.g.: Plasmodium
* It causes Malaria which is transmitted by female mosquitoes.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Quiz
Complete each of the following statement:
1- …………………is the first one who classified living organisms on scientific
basis and defined the ………….
2- Schistosoma haematobium is the scientific name of ………………..
3- Carl Linnaeus's classification is known as ………………
4- ……….. Is the unit of classification.
5- Bacteria belong to kingdom………………, phylum……………..
6- Nostoc is a ……………..alga that belongs to phylum……………
7- A phylum protozoon is classified into 4 classes according to……………..
Q2: Classify each of the following organisms.
Nostoc – Trypanosoma – Diatoms – Euglena
Q3: Draw labeled drawing for:
Nostoc – Paramecium – Amoeba – Trypanosome
Q4: Give reasons for:
1- Diatoms have an economic importance.
2- Euglena and diatoms belong to different phyla.
3- Trypanosome is parasite.
4- Some bacteria are autotrophic.
5- Diatoms are necessary for aquatic living organisms.
6- Carl Linnaeus used the Latin language to give the living organism a
scientific name.
7- Protista is more developed than Monera.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi:
1-Habitat: They live in fresh water, in sea water, damp soil, rocks and trees.
2-Feeding: They have no chlorophyll; therefore they are heterotrophic so they
could be parasites, saprophytes.
3-Structure: * Unicellular or multicellular.
* Some fungi are useful as mushroom (Agaricus).
* Other is harmful to man, animals or plants like black rusts which
affect wheat plants.
Fungi include three phyla:
 Phylum: Zygomycets:
Ex. Rhizopus (bread mould) It used to produce cortisone.
Phylum: Ascomycetes:
Examples: Saccharomyces (yeast) and Penicillium.




Yeast is used in production of ethyalcohol.
Production of carbon dioxide.
In baking industry
Penicillum: Is used in production of antibiotics such as penicillin and in flavoring
cheese (Roquefort).
Phylum: Basidomycetes
Example: Agaricus (Mushroom)
Tell why: Majority of Agaricus species are edible.
A: Because they are rich in protein compounds.
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Questions
Q1:Complete:
1-…………is unicellular fungus.
2- Multicellular fungi are composed of threads called ……………….
3- Saccharomyces (yeast fungus) belongs to phylum……………kingdom………..
4- Fungi can live as ………..which obtain their food from living organisms or
as……………….which obtain their food from decaying matter.
5- Bread mould belongs to phylum …………………kingdom…………..
6- Some fungi from…………. Which may be septate or not.
Give examples for:
 A useful unicellular fungus.
 A harmful multicellular fungus.
 A saprophytic fungus.
Give reasons for:
1-All fungi are heterotrophic.
2- Yeast fungus is useful.
3- Rhizopus nigricans spoils the bread.
 what is meant by hypha or mycelium.
Q3: Give scientific term:
1- is to out living organism into groups according to their similarities and
differences
2- Is a group of individuals that are similar in their morphological and parental
characters, and produce fertile offspring if crossed together.
3- Is the unit of classification.
4- Unicellular organisms which have the characters of both plants and animals.
5- A protist that belongs to class Ciliata.
6- A parasite that causes malaria disease to man.
7- Unicellular organisms in which the nuclear membrane, the nucleolus and cell
organelles are absent.
8- Unicellular algae that play an important role in the formation of petroleum.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Rhodophyta
E.g.: Polysiphonia.
* Marine sea weeds.
* It contains red or pink pigments.
Phylum: Phaeophyta.
(Red algae)
* The body is simple or branched.
(Brown algae)
E.g.: Fucus and Saraghassum.
* The body consists of simple or branched filaments containing brown pigments.
Phylum: Chlorophyta (Green algae).
E.g.: Chlamydomonas and spirogyra.
Phylum: Bryophyta.
E.g.: Funaria and Riccia
* Terrestrial plants usually grow on damp soil.
* Are non-vascular plants.
* Some are flat such as Riccia, while other are erect such as Funaria.
* Funaria is a small plant, which has certain hairs for anchorage (Rhizoids) also
has stem-like and green leaf-like structure.
Phylum: Tracheophyta (Vascular plants)
 Terrestrial plants, which are differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves- together
with vascular tissue.
 This phylum is divided into 3 classes.
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Phylum: Tracheophyta
 Class: Filicatae (ferns)
Examples: Adaintum and Vougheir.
 They do not form flowers r seeds.
 Gymnospermae. (Conifers)
 Example: Pinus.
 Reproductive organs known as cones.
 Seeds are naked (have no testa).
 Class: Angiospermae (seed or flowering plants)
 Their flowers produce fruits enclosing seeds.
 Angiospermae are divided into two subclasses.
Subclass: Monocotyledonae
They produce seeds with one
cotyledon
The leaves have parallel venation.
Flowers have trimerous whorls.
Have fibrous roots.
Examples: Onions, Cactus, Rice,
wheat, and palms.
Subclass: icotyledonae
They produce seeds with two
cotyledons
The leaves have pinnate or palmate
venation.
Flowers are tetramerous or
pentamerous.
Have tap roots
Examples: Pea, Faba, Cotton, Roses,
and petunia.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Porifera
 Phylum: Platyhelminthes.
 Phylum: Annileda.
 Phylum: Mollusca.
 Phylum: Chordata.
 Phylum: Coelenterata.
 Phylum: Nematohelminthes
 Phylum: Arthropoda.
 Phylum: Echinodermata.
Phylum: Porifera.
E.g.: Sponges.
 Characteristics of Porifera.
1- Aquatic animals, attached to rocks.
2- The body wall has many lateral pores and canals.
3- Have skeleton which is calcareous or siliceous spicules or fibres.
4- They reproduce asexually (by budding) and sexually.
Phyum: Coelenterata.
Examples: Hydra - Jelly fish
- Corals.
 They are aquatic animals.
Some of them attached to rocks.
They have tentacles supplied with stinging cells.
 They reproduce both asexually and sexually.
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Flat worms
CLASS:
TURBELLARIA
E.g.: Planaria
CLASS: TREMATODA
E.g.: Fasciola (Liver fluke)
which infect cows and
human.
E.g.: Schistosoma ( blood
fluke)
CLASS: CESTODA
E.g.: Tape worms (Taenia)
which parasitizes cows or
pigs then man.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Phylum: Nematohelminthes
Round worms
E.g.: Ascaris and Ankylostoma.
 Some of them are free living in water or mud, while few are endoparasites.
 Have no body organs.
 Sexes are separate (unisexual).
 Females are bigger in size and lay huge number of eggs.
Phylum: Annelida
Examples: Earth worm – Nereis – (sand worm) Medical leech.
Some of them are free living while few are ectoparasites.
 The body is segmented.
 They have well developed body systems.
 They have a closed circulatory system, excretory and nervous systems.
PROPERTY
Structure
FLAT WORMS
Have flat bodies
Body system
They have limited
or no body
systems
Most of them or
hermaphrodite
Reproduction
ROUND WORMS
Have round
bodies
They have limited
body systems
Unisexual
RING WORMS
Have segmented
bodies
They have well
developed body
systems
Unisexual
Phylum: Arthropoda
 They are widely spread invertebrates.
 Their body is divided into identical segments.
 They have jointed appendages.
 This phylum is divided into 4 classes:
(Crustacea - Insecta – Myriopoda – Arachnida)
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Phylum: Arthropoda
 Phylum : Crustacea
 they are aquatic animals.
 The body is covered with chitinous cuticle.
 They breathe by gills.
 Sexes are separated.
 Examples: Crab and Prawn.
 Class: Insecta.
 The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
 the thorax carries 3 pairs of jointed legs and two pairs of wings.
 They respire through tracheae.
 Examples: Cockroach, House fly, Mosquitoes, Locust, silk-worm, Honey
bee, Ants and fleas.
 Myriopoda.
Examples: Scolopendra and Julus.
 Class: Arachnida.
 The body is divided into thoracic and abdominal regions.
 They have 4 pairs of walking legs.
 They have pairs of simple eyes.
 They breathe through tracheae and lung books.
Phylum: Mollusca
 The body is soft mass and is not segmented.
 They have an exoskeleton (calcareous shell).
 They have circulatory system, sensory organs and coiled digestive system.
 Examples: Desert snail, Anodonta, Octopus, and sepia.
Phylum: Echinodermata
 They live in sea water.
 They have an internal calcareous body skeleton.
 The skin has calcareous plates and prickles.
 Some species have arms.
 Sexes are separate and fertilization is external.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
They considered as the most developed invertebrate.
 Examples: Star fish, Brittle star, and sea cucumber.
Quiz
Q1: choose the correct answer:
1- Scorpions respire through………
(gills – tracheae – tracheae and lung books)
2- The term……………. Mean animals with spiny skin.
(Mollusca – Arthropoda – Echinodermata)
3- The body of …………..is divided into identical segments.
(Sea cucumber – snails – arthropods)
4- Crab and prawn are………..(Mollusca- Crustaceans – Echinodermata)
Q 2 :Replace each of the following by a scientific term:
1- Aquatic Arthropoda that respire through gills.
2- Are also known as hexapoda.
3- Their bodies is a soft mass and is not segmented.
4- Star fish, brittle star, sea cucumbers.
Q3: Complete each of the following statements:
1- Mollusca do not have ………. Skeleton, except…..which has an………
2- The calcareous plates of the body wall in Echinodermata carry…………..
3- In Echinodermata, sexes are …………and fertilization is……………………
4- Insecta have ………pair of jointed legs attached to………..region.
5- Lobster respires through …………, while Locust respire through…………
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Characteristics of Chordata:
 They have an endoskeleton and notochord.
 They have hemoglobin in their red blood cells.
 Their red blood cells contain a nucleus except in mammals.
 Phylum Chordata is divided into 6 classes.
Compare between class chondrichthes and class Osteichthes.
CLASS: CHONDRICHTHES
CLASS: OSTEICHTHES
The endoskeleton made of
The endoskeleton made of bones.
cartilage
Skin is covered with placoid scales Skin is covered with bony scales.
The mouth is a transverse slit at
the ventral side of the body,
provided with strong teeth.
The mouth is terminal.
They breathe by gills.
Gills have no cover ( operculum)
They breathe by gills.
Gills have cover (operculum)
Fertilization is internal.
Fertilization is external.
Examples: Shark and Dog fish.
Examples: Bouri and Blolti.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Class: Amphibia
 Examples: Frogs, toads, and salamanders.
 They spend their embryonic stages in water get dissolved oxygen from water
by gills.
 The adult stage live on land, get oxygen air by lungs and the moist skin.
 The adult skin is a smooth, slimy skin because of the mucus glands.
 They are cold blooded animals so they hibernate in winter.
What is meant by: cold blooded animals?
Cold blooded animals: Their body temperature changes according to air
temperature.
Class: Riptilia
 Examples: Chameleon, Lizard, gecko, snakes and crocodiles.
 The body is divided to 4 regions: head, neck, trunk, and tail.
 Skin is dray and covered with horny scales.
 They have 4 weak limbs.
 They breathe air through lungs.
 They are cold blooded.
 Sexes are separated, fertilization is internal.
 They lay eggs inside holes on land.
Class: Aves "birds"
 Examples: Pigeon, Fowl, Duck, Finch, hawk and ostrich.
 The fore limbs are modified into wings.
 The sternum is strong and attached to strong muscles to move the
wings.
 The hind limbs end with 4 digits.
 Birds are warm blooded. (Have constant body temperature)
 Female lay eggs and incubate them till hatching.
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‫ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﯿﺔ‬
Class: Mammalia
 They are the highest group in the animal kingdom.
 They give birth, Mothers have mammary glands.
 Red blood cells have no nuclei.
 They are worm blooded animals.
 They have 4 pentadactyl limbs.
 Limbs may have horny toes, claws, nails or hooves.
 Their bodies are covered with hairs.
 They breathe atmospheric air by lungs.
 Class mammalia is divided into 3 subclasses these are.
 Subclass: prototheria.
 Subclass: Eutheria.
 Subclass: Metatheria.
Quiz
Q1:Join the two pairs:
1-skin of amphibia
a- Bony scales.
2-Skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with. b- Feathers.
3- Skin of reptiles is covered with.
c- Soft, moist and slimy.
4- Skin of mammals is covered with.
d- Placoid scales.
5- Skin of bony fish is covered with.
e- Horny scales.
6- Skin of birds is covered with.
f- Hair or fur.
Q2: Replace each of the following by a scientific Expression.
1- Vertebrate animals that give birth and Mothers have mammary
glands to suckle young on milk.
2- Animals that have a constant body temperature.
3- Eutherian mammals that have large pointed canines and strong
curved claws.
Q3: Choose the correct answer from those between brackets.
1- Birds are ……. Blooded animals. (Warm – cold)
2- Rabbits have ….. pairs of incisors in the lower jaw.(one- two - no)
3- …………are the most developed animals.
(Echinodermata- mollusca- Chordata).
Q4: Compare between:
1-Cartilaginous and bony fish.
2- Adult frog and larva.
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Subclass:Prototheria
They lay eggs, their
young suckle milk
secreted by mammary
glands
*- It has cloacal
opening.
Duck-billed platypus.
Subclass: Metatheria
Young born is not
fully developed;
therefore the mother
has to keep it in the
pouch, where it feeds
by suckling milk from
nipples inside the
pouch.
Kangaroo
Subclass: Eutheria
They give birth to
fully developed
offspring feeding on
milk from the mother's
mammary glands.
It subdivided into
many orders.
Subclass: Eutheria
1-Order: Edentata
Most of them without teeth.
Ex. Armadillo, Ant-eater and Sloth.
2-Order: Insectivora
 Their front teeth extend outwards like pincers.
 Ex.: Hedgehog.
3-Order: Carnivora
 They have large pointed canines.
 Ex.: Lion, Tiger, Wolf, Dog, and cat.
4- Order: Cetacea
 They are marine animals
 The fore limbs are modified to paddle-like structure while the
hind limbs are absent.
 The tail is horizontally flattened.
 They breathe atmospheric air.
 Young suckle milk from mother's mammary glands.
 Examples: Whale and Dolphin.
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5- Order: Ungulata.
Q: Give reasons:
 The joints of wrist and ankle are far above the ground.
Because of the elongation of instep bones.
 Tips of the toes are protected by horny masses called hooves.
 Ex.: Horse, Rhinoceros, giraffes, cattle and Elephant.
6, 7 – Compare between Rodenta and Lagomorpha.
6- Rodenta
7- Lagomorpha
They have long tails
They have short tails.
They have one pair of chiselThey have one pair of incisors in
shaped incisors in each of the 2
the upper jaw and two pairs in the
jaw.
lower one.
E.g.: Jerboa rat and Rats.
E.g.: Rabbit
8-Order: Chiroptera
* The fingers except thumb elongate and webs of skin extend between
them, and the skin also extends to the body and the tail to form the wings.
* They possess weak eyes and they fly at night.
Examples: Bats
9- Order: Primates
 They are the most highly developed mammals.
 Limbs are pentadactyl which have 5 fingers and the first digit
(the thumb) is far from others and lies opposite to them.
 Give reasons:
Primates are the most highly developed mammals.
A- Because its brain is large in size in higher forms and the
nervous system is highly developed, and they have high
degree of intelligence.
Examples: Lemurs, Monkeys, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, and at the top is
Man
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