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The Holocaust
Only after we assimilate the history of the Holocaust
can we transform the future.
– Alan Rosenberg, Professor of Philosophy, Queens College
A teaching resource created by the Birmingham Holocaust Education Committee.
July 2007
www.bhamholocausteducation.org
The Holocaust
• The State sponsored, systematic persecution and
annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany
and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945.
Jews were the primary victims – 6 million were
murdered.
• From the Greek word meaning “a sacrifice by
burning.”
• In Hebrew the term “shoah” is used, meaning
“catastrophe.”
The Holocaust was Unique:
 Never before had a government, one that had prided itself on its own
citizens’ high level of education and culture, sought to define a religious group as
a race that must be eliminated throughout an entire continent, not just within a
single country.
 Never before had a government harnessed the immense power of
technology for such destructive ends, culminating in the horror of Auschwitz – a
death camp that, at its peak, “processed” 10,000 Jews a day.
 Never before had a government summoned their best and brightest people
to mobilize destruction and used mobile killing units (Einsatzgruppen) to
systematically kill approximately 1.5 million individuals in 2 years.
 Never before had a government sought to dehumanize a group through
such a devastatingly thorough and systematic use of propaganda that included
the use of film, education, public rallies, indoctrination of the youth, radio,
newspapers, art and literature.
Two Thousand Years of Jewish Life in Europe by 1933
A Comparison Jews in the World in the Early 19th Century & Early 20th Century
Jewish Life Before the War
Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an
obligation to be one. - Eleanor Roosevelt
Malka Orkin (left) and her
friend Tusia Goldberg.
Tusia, whose father later
became a member of the
Bialystok ghetto Jewish
council, survived the war.
Malka did not survive.
Lova Warszawczyk rides
his tricycle in the garden of
his home in Warsaw
shortly before the start of
World War II. He survived.
A group of Jewish children pose in
their bathing suits while
vacationing in the resort town of
Swider, near Warsaw.
The two girls on the right are Gina
and Ziuta Szczecinski. Both
perished during the war.
Jewish family celebration in
Radomsko, Poland. Almost all of this
town’s 12,000 Jews were deported to
the death camp at Treblinka.
Group portrait of the extended family of
Mottle Leichter in Janow Podlaski,
Poland. Only 3 in the picture survived.
Sisters Hanneke
and Jenneke
Leydesdorff as
small children
one year before
the German
occupation. The
sisters survived,
both parents
died.
Yosef Ginzberg
watches his
granddaughter
Tamar play with a
ball.
Yosef was
murdered in Ponar
outside of Vilna.
Tamar survived the
war in Siberia.
Jankel Stiel and his
child. Both were
killed in Belzec.
Two young children
play outside next to a
baby carriage in
Bogdan,
Transcarpathia.
In 1944, the children
and their mother were
deported from Bogdan
to Auschwitz, where
they all perished.
Bertha Gruneberg with
her son, Rene, at a park
in Boekelo.
The child survived the
war, but both his
parents were killed.
Portrait of Mina Nattel and Beno Schmelkis on a balcony
in Rzeszow, Poland during their engagement party.
During the war Mina, Beno and their daughter Rachel
were killed by the Germans.
Portrait of a Jewish bride and
groom in Telsiai, Lithuania.
Both perished.
A Jewish mother (Regina) with her children in
Naleczow, Poland between 1934-1937. All
perished.
Bystanders (85%)
Victims
Rescuers (< 0.5%)
Perpetrators (< 10%)
The Victims
It is true that not all victims were Jews, but all Jews were victims.
- Elie Wiesel, 1995
Jews
Political Opponents
Habitual Criminals
Handicapped
Homosexuals
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Roma & Sinti (Gypsies) Poles
Freemasons
Immigrants
Soviet P.O.W.’s
American P.O.W.’s
African-Germans
Extermination
Deportation
Ghettoization
Confiscation
Exclusion
Identification
Who was Hitler?
• Born in Austria.
• Reared Catholic.
• Aspired to be an artist.
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions.
Never attended college.
• Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna.
• Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Born in Austria
Braunau-am-Inn
Insert Hitler Family tree
Who Was Hitler?
• Born in Austria.
• Reared Catholic.
• Aspired to be an artist.
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions.
Never attended college.
• Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna.
• Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Reared Catholic
Adolf (center) with schoolmates, 1900.
St. Michael’s Catholic Church
attended by Hitler as a child.
Leonding, Austria
Who Was Hitler?
• Born in Austria.
• Reared Catholic.
• Aspired to be an artist.
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions.
Never attended college.
• Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna.
• Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Aspired to be an Artist
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts
Never Attended College
Oedensplatz (Feldherrnhalle),
Munich, 1914
Artist: Adolf Hitler
The Rotterdam Cathedral
Munich, 1930
Artist: Adolf Hitler
Who Was Hitler?
• Born in Austria.
• Reared Catholic.
• Aspired to be an artist.
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions.
Never attended college.
• Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna.
• Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Exposed to antisemitic influences
while in Vienna.
Hitler’s description in Mein Kampf of how he
had become an antisemite in Vienna:
For me this was a time of the greatest
spiritual upheaval I have ever had to go
through. I had ceased to be a weak-kneed
cosmopolitan and become an antisemite.
Vienna, he said, had significantly contributed
to his becoming antisemitic:
At the time of this bitter struggle between
spiritual education and cold reason, the
visual instruction of the Vienna streets had
performed invaluable services.
Vienna Opera House by Adolf Hitler
Who Was Hitler?
• Born in Austria.
• Reared Catholic.
• Aspired to be an artist.
Rejected by Vienna Academy of Arts on two occasions.
Never attended college.
• Exposed to antisemitic influences while in Vienna.
• Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Moved to Germany to avoid Austrian draft.
Fought for Germany in World War I.
Hitler served in the Bavarian contingent of the German Army.
Factors Contributing
to the Rise of the Nazis
All that is necessary for the forces of evil to win is for good men to do nothing.
- Edmund Burke, British Philosopher, 1729-1797
•
•
•
•
Treaty of Versailles
Economics
German Nationalism
Antisemitism
Treaty of Versailles
European alliances on the eve of World War I
After World War I, the need for security on the
continent led France to support a buffer zone of new
nations between Russia and Germany, carved out of
the former Austrian Empire: Yugoslavia, Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania were created.
German territory along the French border was
demilitarized out of the same concern for protection.
Europe after World War I
German territorial losses as dictated by the Treaty of Versailles.
Factors Contributing
to the Rise of the Nazis
Hunger makes a thief of any man. - Pearl S. Buck
•
•
•
•
Treaty of Versailles
Economics
German Nationalism
Antisemitism
Economics
1. Unemployment
2. Inflation
3. Worldwide Depression of 1929
Unemployment in Germany
1928-1933
September 1928
650,000
September 1929
1,320,000
September 1930
3,000,000
September 1931
4,350,000
September 1932
5,102,000
January 1933
6,100,000
Economics
1. Unemployment
2. Inflation
3. Worldwide Depression of 1929
Inflation in Germany
DATE
GERMAN MARKS
U.S. DOLLARS
1919
4.2
1
1921
75
1
1922
400
1
Jan. 1923
7,000
1
July 1923
160,000
1
Aug. 1923
1,000,000
1
Nov. 1, 1923
1,300,000,000
1
Nov. 15, 1923
1,300,000,000,000
1
Nov. 16, 1923
4,200,000,000,000
1
German children with stacks of inflated currency,
virtually worthless in 1923.
Economics
1. Unemployment
2. Inflation
3. Worldwide Depression of 1929
Worldwide Depression, 1929
Bread lines for the unemployed in the U.S.
Factors Contributing
to the Rise of the Nazis
No snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible. - Voltaire
•
•
•
•
Treaty of Versailles
Economics
German Nationalism
Antisemitism
German Nationalism
1st Reich
800 - 1806
Charlemagne
800-814
His vast realm
encompassed what are
now France,
Switzerland, Belgium,
Netherlands, half of
present-day Italy and
Germany, and parts of
Austria and Spain.
2nd Reich
3rd Reich
Otto von Bismarck
1871-1890
Engineered the unification of
the numerous states of
Germany.
Adolf Hitler
1933 - 1945
1871 - 1918
1933 - ?
Hitler promised to return
Germany to its previous
glory with an empire that
would last 1000 years.
In reality, the 3rd Reich
lasted only 12 years.
Factors Contributing
to the Rise of the Nazis
The Jews are our misfortune. - Heinrich von Treitschke, 1834 - 1896
• Treaty of Versailles
• Economics
• German Nationalism
• Antisemitism
Antisemitism
Recognizing public support for his antiJewish comments, Hitler capitalized on
these anti-Jewish feelings that had
existed for centuries in the German
population and offered the Jews as a
scapegoat for the country’s current
financial woes. He would claim that
Germany had lost World War I because
of the Jews, that democracy and
communism were Jewish inventions,
and that the Jews were engaged in a
conspiracy for world domination. It was
the Jews who controlled society and
made Germans suffer.
Antisemitic political cartoon entitled
"Rothschild" by the French caricaturist,
C. Leandre, 1898.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Birth of the Nazi Party
• In 1919 Hitler joined the
fledgling “German Worker’s
Party.”
German propaganda postcard showing an early
Hitler preaching to the fledgling Nazi Party.
• In 1920 he took control of the
group and changed the name to
the National Socialist German
Worker’s Party, National
Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter
Partei, NSDAP, or Nazi for short.
• It was here that Hitler
discovered two remarkable
talents: public speaking and
inspiring personal loyalty.
Assembly of the Nazi Party, 1922, Coburg, Germany
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
The Weimar Republic
How the New Government Was to Be Run
PRESIDENT
Publicly elected to 7-year term.
CHANCELLOR
Appointed by President
CABINET
REICHSTAG
Unlimited number of political parties.
Elected to 4-year term by proportional representation.
(e.g., 10% of the vote equals 10% of the seats)
421 members (1919)
647 members (1932)
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Beer Hall Putsch
November 8-9, 1923
Part of a photo-card collection used by
the Nazis to indoctrinate German
children. This beer hall was the scene
of the failed Nazi Putsch. It symbolized
the birth pangs of Nazi power.
Munich, Germany, 1923, Masses in the
streets during the Putsch.
• Historical experience … shows with terrifying
clarity that in every mingling of Aryan blood
with that of lower peoples the result was the
end of the cultured people.
• Those who want to live, let them fight, and
those who do not want to fight in this world of
eternal struggle do not deserve to live.
• The [Nazi party] should not become a
constable of public opinion, but must dominate
it. It must not become a servant of the masses,
but their master!
• The personification of the devil as the
symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of
the Jew.
- Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Number of Reichstag Deputies Elected
Total Deputies
Jan
1919
423
Jun
1920
459
May
1924
472
Dec
1924
493
May
1928
491
Sept
1930
577
July
1932
608
Nov
1932
584
Mar
1933
647
SPD, Social Democrats
165
102
100
131
153
143
133
121
120
USPD, Independent Socialists
22
84
4
62
45
54
77
89
100
81
64
65
69
62
68
75
70
74
21
16
19
16
19
22
20
18
Date
KPD, Communists
Centre Party (Catholics)
91
BVP, Bavarian People’s Party
DDP, Democrats
75
39
28
32
25
20
4
2
5
DVP, People’s Party
19
65
45
51
45
30
7
11
2
Wirtschafts Partei, Economy Party
4
4
10
17
23
23
2
1
DNVP, Nationalists
44
71
95
103
73
41
37
52
52
32
14
12
107
230
196
288
19
12
28
49
9
11
7
NSDAP, Nazis
Others
3
5
Nazi propaganda poster illustrating the Nazi’s desire to
break the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles.
• The Nazi Party, political
unknowns, promised the
German people a solution to
their hunger and poverty:
Work & Bread.
• After the Nazis came to
power, public works programs
similar to those initiated by
FDR’s “New Deal” stimulated
the German economy.
• Prior to World War II,
average Germans credited the
Nazis with their improved
standard of living.
“Work and Bread!”
Nazi Party election poster
from the early 1930’s.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Hitler Appointed Chancellor
January 30, 1933
Adolf Hitler greets a crowd of
enthusiastic Germans from a
window in the Chancellery
building on the day of his
appointment.
Hitler in Berlin as new
Chancellor of Germany,
January, 1933
Newly appointed Chancellor
Adolf Hitler shakes hands with
German President Paul von
Hindenburg.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Reichstag Fire
February 27, 1933
The Nazis accused the Communists of
the arson as well as attempting to
overthrow the state. The Nazis would
use this event to eliminate all political
opposition.
Emergency Decree
February 28, 1933
President Hindenburg was persuaded to
issue an Emergency Decree invoking
Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution.
This gave the Chancellor the authority to
impose dictatorial power to protect the
democratic order from being overthrown.
Members of the Communist Party were
arrested.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Enabling Act
March 23, 1933
• Hitler won the office of Chancellor in a legal
fashion, but he was determined to rule
Germany without the restraints of a
democratically elected parliament.
• The Enabling Act was a special power
allowed by the Weimar Constitution that gave
the Chancellor and his cabinet the power to
pass laws by decree for a specified period of
time, without Reichstag involvement. It was
only to be used in times of emergency.
• Because it altered the constitution, passing
the Enabling Act required a 2/3 majority vote
of the Reichstag. This was achieved by Nazi
maneuvering.
•The Enabling Act gave Hitler’s government
dictatorial powers for four years.
German Reichstag in session.
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Night of the Long Knives
“The Roehm Putsch”
June 30, 1934
Ernst Roehm, Leader of the SA
Political Cartoon by David Low, July 3, 1934
Hitler’s Rise to Power
The world is too dangerous to live in – not because of the people who do evil, but
because of the people who sit and let it happen. – Albert Einstein
• Birth of the Nazi Party
• The Weimar Republic
• Beer Hall Putsch (November 8-9, 1923)
• Nazis Become a Legitimate Party
• Hitler Appointed Chancellor (January 30, 1933)
• Reichstag Fire (February 27, 1933)
• Emergency Decree (February 28, 1933)
• Enabling Act (March 23, 1933)
• Night of the Long Knives (June 30, 1934)
• Hitler Becomes Führer (August 2, 1934)
Hitler Becomes Führer
August 2, 1934
With President Paul von Hindenburg's death, Hitler consolidated power by joining
the offices of Chancellor and President. He assumed the title of Führer (leader)
and Reich Chancellor of the German nation.
"One People, One Empire,
One Führer."
Placing one hand upon the Nazi flag and
raising the other in obedience, these
German soldiers swear their allegiance to
the Führer.
What the Nazis Believed
Anyone who interprets National Socialism as merely a political movement knows almost
nothing about it. It is more than a religion. It is the determination to create the new man.
- Adolf Hitler
•What the Nazis Believed
•Racial Science
•Nazi Platform
•Symbols
What the Nazis Believed
 The Nazis valued authority and order.
 The Nazis valued emotion more than reason.
 The Nazis valued the community rather than the
individual.
 The Nazis had a strong belief in the traditional family.
 The Nazis were strong nationalists.
 The Nazis saw politics as a religion.
 The Nazis valued the concept of a select race.
“Second Creation”
Theodor Seuss Geisel, April 3, 1942
What the Nazis Believed
Anyone who interprets National Socialism as merely a political movement knows almost
nothing about it. It is more than a religion. It is the determination to create the new man.
- Adolf Hitler
•What the Nazis Believed
•Racial Science
•Nazi Platform
•Symbols
Racial Science
The law of existence requires uninterrupted killing, so that the better may live. –
Adolf Hitler
Nazi physicians conducted
“bogus” medical research in an
effort to identify physical evidence
of Aryan superiority & non-Aryan
inferiority. The Nazis could not
find evidence for their theories of
biological racial differences
among human beings.
This kit contains 29 hair
samples used by doctors,
anthropologists, and
geneticists to determine racial
makeup of individuals.
Establishing racial descent by
measuring an ear at the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for
Anthropology.
Caliper to measure skull width.
What the Nazis Believed
Anyone who interprets National Socialism as merely a political movement knows almost
nothing about it. It is more than a religion. It is the determination to create the new man.
- Adolf Hitler
•What the Nazis Believed
•Racial Science
•Nazi Platform
•Symbols
Nazi Platform
We demand:
1. A union of Germans to form a great Germany.
2. Abolition of the Treaty of Versailles.
3. Lebensraum (living space) for Germans as well as surplus populations.
4. German blood as a requirement for citizenship. No Jew can be a citizen.
5. Non-citizens live in Germany as foreigners only, subject to the law of aliens.
6. Only citizens can vote or hold public office.
7. The state insures that every citizen live decently and earn his livelihood.
8. No further immigration of non-Germans. Any non-German who arrived after
August 2, 1914, shall leave immediately.
9. Revision of the national system of education with citizenship being taught.
10. All newspapers must be published in the German language by German
citizens.
What the Nazis Believed
Anyone who interprets National Socialism as merely a political movement knows almost
nothing about it. It is more than a religion. It is the determination to create the new man.
- Adolf Hitler
•What the Nazis Believed
•Racial Science
•Nazi Platform
•Symbols
Symbols
Bystanders (85%)
Victims
Rescuers (< 0.5%)
Perpetrators (< 10%)
The Perpetrators
History teaches us to beware of demagogues who wrap themselves in the flag
in an attempt to appeal to the worst aspects of nationalism.
- Alistair Nicholson
Reinhard Heydrich
Joseph Goebbels
Hermann Goering
Adolf Eichmann
Rudolf Hess
Heinrich Himmler
Name
Age:1933
Profession
Position(s)
Hans Frank
33
Lawyer
Governor General of Poland
Victor Capesius
26
Physician
Headed camp pharmacy at Auschwitz
Helmut Knochen
23
Professor of
Literature
Colonel, SS; Commander of Security
Police, Paris, ’40-44
Otto Ohlendorf
26
Economist
In Einsatzgruppen
Werner Best
30
Lawyer
First legal advisor to SD & Gestapo
Albert Speer
28
Architect
Minister of Armaments & War Production
August Hirt
35
Anthropologist &
Surgeon
SS Director of Anatomical Research;
studied skulls
Willi Frank
30
Physician
Chief of Dental Station at Auschwitz
Bernhart Rost
40
Secondary
Teacher
Reich Minister of Science, Education &
Culture
Wilhelm Frick
56
Lawyer
Reich Minister of Interior; close friend of
Hitler
Heinz Kammler
----
Engineer
Head of SS Works Department; built gas
chambers at Auschwitz
Joseph Goebbels
36
PhD Literature &
Philosophy
Propaganda Minister of the Reich
Fritz Ter Meer
----
Scientist w/
doctorate
Chief executive of I.G Farben
Crucial Divisions of Nazi Party
SA
(Storm Troopers, Brown Shirts,
Sturmabteilungen) – 1921
SS (Protective Squad, Schutzstaffel)
• SD (Security Service,
Sicherheitsdienst) - 1931
• Gestapo (Secret State Police,
Geheime Staatspolizei) - 1933
• Death’s Head Units
(Totenkopfverbande) - 1936
• Special Action Groups
(Einsatzgruppen) - 1938
Mass roll-call of SA and SS troops.
Nuremberg, November 11, 1935
• Waffen SS (Armed SS) - 1940
Nazi Intentions Revealed
Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?
- Lillian Hellman
•Anti-Jewish Policies
•Boycott of Jewish Shops: April 1, 1933
•Nazi Book Burnings: May 10, 1933
•Nuremberg Laws: September 15, 1935
•The November Decree: November 14, 1935
Anti-Jewish Policies
How can such a monstrous crime as the Holocaust occur?
It begins when people start thinking of themselves as „us‟ and of others as „them‟.
- Ted Gottfried, Deniers of the Holocaust
Goals:
• social death of Jews
• removal of Jewish presence/influence
from German society
Means of Accomplishment:
• verbal assaults
• physical assaults
• legal/administrative restrictions
Laws Restricting Civil Rights
The Law for the Protection of German Blood & German Honor forbade
either marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans.
Laws Restricting Personal Rights
Jews were only permitted to purchase
products between 3-5 p.m. This was one
step in the overall Nazi scheme of
eliminating Jews from economic, social
and cultural life.
Bench with inscription “Only for Jews.”
Sign on a phone booth
in Munich prohibiting
Jews from using the
public telephone.
Sign forbidding Jews in public pool.
Jews are forced to walk in the street.
The original photo caption read, "Jews in gutter."
Belgium, 1943
October 5, 1938
All Jewish passports must be
marked with the letter "J“ for Jew.
Laws Restricting Education
Political Cartoon from Der Stürmer entitled: “Away with Him”
The long arm of the Ministry of Education pulls a Jewish teacher from his classroom.
March 1933.
Laws Restricting Occupation
With the rise of Nazism, nothing the Jews had done for their country made any difference…
- Alfred Gottschalk, Jewish Survivor
Erich Remarque,
author.
Albert Einstein,
Nobel Prize winner.
Sigmund Freud,
psychoanalyst,
Otto Klemperer,
conductor.
Laws Restricting Private Property
and Business
"Aryanization" announcements in a newspaper.
Aryanization was the process of transferring Jewish businesses
to German control.
Each step was so small, so inconsequential, so well explained
or, on occasion, “regretted,” that, unless one were detached
from the whole process from the beginning, unless one
understood what the whole thing was in principle, what all
these “little measures” that no “patriotic German” could resent
must some day lead to, one no more saw it developing from day
to day than a farmer in his field sees the corn growing. One
day it is over his head.
Heinrich Hildebrandt, non-Jewish German high school teacher during
the Nazi years, interviewed in 1952.
They Thought They Were Free by Milton Mayer
Nazi Intentions Revealed
Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?
- Lillian Hellman
•Anti-Jewish Policies
•Boycott of Jewish Shops: April 1, 1933
•Nazi Book Burnings: May 10, 1933
•Nuremberg Laws: September 15, 1935
•The November Decree: November 14, 1935
Boycott of Jewish Shops
April 1, 1933
SA soldiers stood at the entrances to Jewish shops and professional offices
discouraging non-Jewish patrons from entering.
Signs were posted warning: “Germans! Beware! Don’t Buy from Jews!”
Nazi Intentions Revealed
Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?
- Lillian Hellman
•Anti-Jewish Policies
•Boycott of Jewish Shops: April 1, 1933
•Nazi Book Burnings: May 10, 1933
•Nuremberg Laws: September 15, 1935
•The November Decree: November 14, 1935
Nazi Book Burnings
May 10, 1933
Where books are burned, in the end, people will be burned.
- Heinrich Heine (19th century German poet)
Uniformed Nazi party officials carrying
confiscated books.
Hamburg, Germany,
The public burning of "un-German"
books by members of the SA and
university students.
Nazi Intentions Revealed
Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?
- Lillian Hellman
•Anti-Jewish Policies
•Boycott of Jewish Shops: April 1, 1933
•Nazi Book Burnings: May 10, 1933
•Nuremberg Laws: September 15, 1935
•The November Decree: November 14, 1935
Nuremberg Laws
September 15, 1935
Reich Flag Law
• Official colors of the Nazi state are black, red, and white.
• The national flag is the swastika flag.
• Jews are forbidden from flying the German flag.
Reich Citizenship Law
• German citizenship is denied to Jews. They are given the status of “subjects.”
• Jews can not vote, own property, operate a business, or be paid wages as employees.
Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor
• Forbids marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans.
• Bans employment in Jewish homes of any German female under 45 years of age.
Nazi Intentions Revealed
Since when do you have to agree with people to defend them from injustice?
- Lillian Hellman
•Anti-Jewish Policies
•Boycott of Jewish Shops: April 1, 1933
•Nazi Book Burnings: May 10, 1933
•Nuremberg Laws: September 15, 1935
•The November Decree: November 14, 1935
The November Decree
November 14, 1935
German:
Mischlinge, 2nd Degree:
4 “German”
grandparents
1 Jewish grandparent
Mischlinge, 1st Degree: * 2 Jewish grandparents
Jew:
3+ Jewish grandparents
* 1st Degree Mischlinge would be considered Jews if
they met any of the following criteria:
- practiced the Jewish religion
- were married to a Jew
- or were children born after September 15,
1935 to one Jewish parent and one
German parent
Nazi Propaganda
How can such a monstrous crime as the Holocaust occur? It begins when
people start thinking of themselves as “us” and of others as “them”.
-Ted Gottfried, Deniers of the Holocaust
• The Hitler Youth
• Education in Nazi Germany
• Media
• 1936 Olympics in Berlin
The Hitler Youth
GIRLS
German Girl’s League,
Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)
BOYS
Hitler Youth, Hitlerjügend (HJ)
"Youth Serves the Fuëhrer.
All ten-year-olds join the
Hitler Youth."
“All girls join us.”
Nazi Propaganda
German educators were warping pliable young minds in order to mold obedient young
monsters.
- Erika
Mann, School for Barbarians
• The Hitler Youth
• Education in Nazi Germany
• Media
• 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Education in Nazi Germany
The foundation of every state is the education of its youth. - Diogenes
“The Jewish Question is the Key to World History.”
The German National Catechism
for Young Germans in School
and on the Job:
“Which race must the National Socialist race
fight against?
The Jewish race.
Why?
The goal of the Jew is to make himself the ruler
of humanity. Wherever he comes, he destroys
works of culture. He is not a creative spirit,
rather a destructive spirit.”
Werner May, Deutscher National-Katechismus
2nd edition (Breslau: Verlag von Heinrich
Handel, 1934), pp. 22-26
Typical School Day
The teacher begins and ends the instruction
by leading the assembled students in the
greeting:
The teacher raises the right arm and
declares “Heil Hitler.”
The students raise their right arms and
respond Heil Hitler.”
Raising the Swastika Flag at a school
in Berlin.
Changes in the Curriculum
Math Problems Twisted to Promote Nazi Ideology
According to careful estimates
there are 300,000 mentally
ill persons, epileptics, etcetera in
long-term care facilities in
Germany.
The Jews are aliens in Germany.
What is the total yearly cost of
their care assuming daily costs
of 4 RM per person?
What is the percentage of
aliens?
How many marriage loans for
1,000 RM each could be made
yearly with this money?
In 1933 there were 66,060,000
inhabitants of the German
Reich, of whom 499,682 were
Jews.
Excerpt from this Nazi Biology
Textbook for Middle School Students:
As we have already noted,
people do not live as individuals
like animals and plants, but as peoples,
which largely have come together
as ethnic states. We know something
similar only with insects. Bees and ants
are not only the sum of individuals;
each individual shares a united drive
in service of the entire group….
The ethnic state must demand of each
individual citizen that he does
everything for the good of the whole,
each in his place and with his abilities.
See Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskunde
für Mittelschulen. Fünfter Teil. (Halle: Hermann
Schroedel Verlag, 1942), pp. pp. 168-173.
Math Book for First Grade, Hirt Publishing, 1937.
The Poisonous Mushroom
“The Poisonous Mushroom”
“How Jewish Traders Cheat”
“The Experience of Hans and
Else with a Strange Man”
“How To Tell A Jew “
Popular children’s board game, “Juden Raus!” (Jews Out).
By throwing dice, the winner manages to get six Jews out of their homes and businesses (the
circles) and on the road to Palestine. It sold over a million copies in 1938, when Nazi policy was
forced Jewish emigration.
Additions to the Curriculum:
Teaching Nazi Racial Ideology
Classroom chart entitled "German Youth,
Jewish Youth." Published in a textbook on
heredity, genealogy, and racial studies.
Two Jewish children humiliated in front of the
classroom. The blackboard reads: "The Jews are
our greatest enemy! Beware of Jews."
Racial instruction is to begin with the youngest pupils (six years of age) in accordance with
the Führer‟s instruction that no boy or girl should leave school without complete knowledge
of the necessity and meaning of blood purity.
- Bernhard Rust, Reich Minister for Science & Education
Additions to the Curriculum:
Teaching War Oriented Sports
Throwing grenades as a school sport.
Education in a general way is to be the
preparation for later army service. The
Army will then not need,
as has hitherto been the case, to give
the young man a grounding in the
simplest exercises and rules….
it should rather change the young man,
already physically perfect, into a soldier.
- Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
Battle Ball (Kampfball)
Nazi Propaganda
Any lie, frequently told, will gradually gain acceptance.
– Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
• The Hitler Youth
• Education in Nazi Germany
• Media
• 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Media-Newspaper
“Der Stürmer,” (“The Great
Storm”), an antisemitic
tabloid, was posted on
billboards for all to read,
under the heading: Die
Juden sind unser
Unglück (The Jews are
our Misfortune).
Völkischer Beobachter,
(“People's Observer”),
daily newspaper
published by the Nazi
Party in Germany from
the 1920’s until 1945.
Media-Radio
Free distribution of radios in honor of
Joseph Goebbel’s birthday.
Berlin, October 29, 1938.
"All Germany hears the Führer on the People's Receiver."
The Nazis, eager to encourage radio listenership, developed an inexpensive
radio receiver to make it possible for as many as possible to hear Nazi
propaganda. By 1939, 70% of German homes had at least one radio.
Media-Film
The Eternal Jew, the
most famous Nazi
propaganda film.
Jew Pests, a film aimed
at influencing audiences
to hate Jews.
A propaganda film
designed by Nazis for
Nazis.
Media-Posters
For young men, service to the totalitarian
state meant fighting the Fuhrer's wars, but
for women service meant producing
racially pure children for the Reich.
"Healthy Parents have
Healthy Children."
Nazi propaganda poster
encouraging healthy
Germans to have large
families.
Nazi Propaganda
Propaganda has absolutely nothing to do with the truth. - Josef Goebbels
• The Hitler Youth
• Education in Nazi Germany
• Media
• 1936 Olympics in Berlin
1936 Olympics in Berlin
The torch lighting ceremony.
Spectators salute Adolf Hitler during
the games.
German spectators spell out the phrase, directed at
Adolf Hitler, "Wir gehoeren Dir" [We belong to you].
Jesse Owens' medal
ceremony for the long jump.
Violations of Treaty of Versailles
Violations of Treaty of Versailles
History shows us that appeasement does not lead to peace. It invites an
aggressor to test the will of a nation unprepared to meet that test.
- Ronald Reagan
•The Rhineland Falls: March 1936
•The Anschluss of Austria: March 13, 1938
•Sudetenland Falls: September 1938
The Rhineland Falls
March 1936
German forces enter Aachen, on the
border with Belgium, following the
remilitarization of the Rhineland.
Aachen, Germany, March 18, 1936.
German civilians salute German forces
crossing the Rhine River in open violation
of the Treaty of Versailles.
Mainz, Germany, March 7, 1936.
Violations of Treaty of Versailles
We seem to be moving toward some hideous catastrophe.
- Churchill, April 1937
•The Rhineland Falls: March 1936
•The Anschluss of Austria: March 13, 1938
•Sudetenland Falls: September 1938
Anschluss of Austria
March 13, 1938
Germany neither intends nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria,
to annex Austria, or to conclude an Anschluss.
Adolf Hitler, May 21, 1935
A public building in Vienna,
adorned with decorations
and a large banner bearing a
quote from Hitler, "Those of
the same blood belong in the
same Reich!" Such banners
were hung throughout Austria
in the weeks preceding the
April 10th plebiscite on the
incorporation of Austria into
the German Reich.
Austrian Antisemitism
A group of SA hold hands on the steps of
the University of Vienna in an attempt to
prevent Jews from entering the building.
Jews forced to erase slogans from the
streets of Vienna during the period
following the Anschluss.
Violations of Treaty of Versailles
History shows us that appeasement does not lead to peace. It invites an
aggressor to test the will of a nation unprepared to meet that test.
- Ronald Reagan
•The Rhineland Falls: March 1936
•The Anschluss of Austria: March 13, 1938
•Sudetenland Falls: September 1938
Sudetenland Falls
September 1938
Signing of the Munich Agreement.
From left to right: Chamberlain,
German troops march
Daladier (French), Hitler, Mussolini
into the town square of
(Italian), and Ciano (Italian), pictured
Friedland.
before signing.
Refugees from the
Sudetenland, following its
annexation by Germany,
arrive in Prague,
Czechoslovakia, a month
later.
Kristallnacht
“Night of the Broken Glass”
November 9-10, 1938
Their synagogues should be set on fire…their homes should likewise be broken
down and destroyed…let us drive them out of the country for all time.
- Martin Luther, 1542
Synagogue in Aachen,
Germany, built 1862.
Synagogue in Aachen after its destruction.
I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a 20th
century civilization. - Franklin D. Roosevelt
Destruction of Property
During Kristallnacht, SA men and Hitler Youth plundered Jewish shops and
apartments. By terrorizing the Jews, ruining their businesses and destroying their
places of worship, the Nazis hoped to force Jews to leave.
Victims of Kristallnacht
The arrest of Jews by the SS on
Kristallnacht.
The deportation of Jewish men on
Kristallnacht.
Jews Sent to Concentration Camps, November 10, 1938
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Why Not Leave?
Many German Jews thought of themselves as Germans who
happened to be born Jewish.
The Wallach Family, Munich, 1928.
Moritz (dad), Meta (mom), Lotte, Annelise, Fritz, Rolf
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Evian Conference
July 6 - 15, 1938
Chief American delegate, Myron C. Taylor,
addresses delegates.
Hotel Royal in Evian-les-Bains,
site of the conference.
The New York Times, July 3, 1938
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
American Immigration
1820-2000
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Kindertransport
1938-1940
A rescue effort which brought thousands of refugee children to Great Britain from
Nazi controlled Europe between December 1938 and 1940.
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
The S.S. St. Louis
“Voyage of the Damned”
May 13, 1939
Jewish Emigration
The pessimists went into exile, and the optimists went to the gas chamber.
• Jewish Emigration from Nazi Territories
• Why Not Leave?
• Evian Conference: July 6-15, 1938
• German Jews Find Refuge: 1933-1938
• American Immigration
• Kindertransport: 1938-1940
• The S.S. St. Louis: May 13, 1939
• Palestine Shuts its Doors
Palestine Shuts its Doors
Palestine Restricted, 1944, Arthur Szyk.
German-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact
August 23, 1939
Soviet Foreign Minister, Molotov, signs
pact. German Foreign Minister,
Ribbentrop (back center) and Josef
Stalin (back right).
World War II: 1939-1942
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the Eve of War
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
The Blitzkrieg of Poland
September 1 - 27, 1939
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
The Division of Poland
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
Germanization of Polish Gentiles
Two masters cannot exist side by side, and that is why all members
of the Polish intelligentsia must be killed. -Adolf Hitler
 Poles with Aryan features were allowed to remain in Poland. Some Aryanlooking children were kidnapped & taken to Germany to be raised as German.
 Some Polish men were drafted into the German army, others were deported
to the Reich for slave labor.
 Monuments to Polish history and culture were destroyed.
 Valuable collections of art and science were transported out of the country.
Museums and libraries were demolished.
 Polish press and theaters were closed.
 Polish cities and streets were renamed with German names.
 Universities and secondary schools were closed. Education after the 4th
grade was forbidden as Poles would need little education as slave laborers.
 Use of the Polish language in public and private life was forbidden.
Gentile Poles assembled for
forced labor. June 1943
A German soldier stands on a
toppled Polish monument.
Krakow, Poland
Polish boys imprisoned in Auschwitz look out from behind the barbed wire fence.
Approximately 40,000 Polish children were kidnapped and imprisoned in the
camp before being transferred to Germany during "Heuaktion" (Hay Action), The
children were used as slave laborers in Germany.
World War II Begins
Close your eyes to pity! Eighty million people (the population of Germany) must obtain
what is their right! The stronger man is right! Be harsh and remorseless!
- Adolf Hitler, August 31, 1939
• The Invasion of Poland: September 1, 1939
• Poland’s Largest Jewish Communities on the
Eve of War
• The Blitzkrieg of Poland
• The Division of Poland
• The Germanization of Polish Gentiles
• The Isolation of Polish Jews
Isolation of Polish Jews
1. Humiliation & Terror
2. Forced Labor
3. Expulsion
4. The Jewish Badge
Humiliation & Terror
Harassment of a
Jewish man.
German soldiers
cutting the beard
of a Jew.
A soldier tutors two Jewish men on how to give Jewish men are forced to race against
the Nazi salute correctly. one another while riding on the backs
of their fellows.
Isolation of Polish Jews
1. Humiliation & Terror
2. Forced Labor
3. Expulsion
4. The Jewish Badge
Forced Labor
Jews rounded up for forced labor
October, 1939
Jews forced to sweep the streets.
Isolation of Polish Jews
1. Humiliation & Terror
2. Forced Labor
3. Expulsion
4. The Jewish Badge
Expulsion
Polish Exiles, 1941 Arthur Szyk
Isolation of Polish Jews
1. Humiliation & Terror
2. Forced Labor
3. Expulsion
4. The Jewish Badge
The Jewish Badge
Belgium
Romania
Parts of Bulgaria
(a button)
France
Germany, Alsace,
Bohemia-Moravia
Parts of Greece, Serbia,
Belgrade, Sofia
(armband)
Parts of Bulgaria,
Poland, Hungary,
Greece, Lithuania, Latvia
Holland
Part of Slovakia
Parts of Poland, East
& Upper Silesia
The Ghettos
• Definition: any section of a city or town in which members
of a minority group live or are restricted by economics or
discrimination.
• The first ghetto was established in Venice in 1516 when the
Church ordered that walls be built around the Jewish
Quarter.
• The word “ghetto” means “foundry” or “iron works.” In
Venice, the ghetto was near a foundry that produced
cannon balls.
• The establishment of ghettos was the first step in the Nazi
extermination plan for the Jews of Eastern Europe. They
served as assembly and collection points for Jews.
More than 800 ghettos were established by the Nazis in Eastern Europe.
MAJOR JEWISH GHETTOS
COUNTRY
POPULATION
Amsterdam
Netherlands
100,000
Bedzin
Poland
27,000
Bialystok
Poland
35 - 50,000
Budapest
Hungary
70,000
Chernovtsy
Romania
50,000
Grodno
Poland
25,000
Kovno / Kaunas
Lithuania
40,000
Krakow
Poland
19,000
Lida
Belorussia
9,000
Lodz
Poland
205,000
Lublin
Poland
34,000
Lvov
Ukraine
110,000
Minsk
Belorussia
100,000
Radom
Poland
30,000
Riga
Latvia
43,000
Salonika
Greece
56,000
Shanghai
China
10,000
Ternopol
Ukraine
12,500
Theresienstadt
Czechoslovakia
90,000
Vitebsk
Belorussia
16,000
Vilna
Lithuania
41,000
Warsaw
Poland
400 – 500,000
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
-
Judenrat
The Judenrat members in Krakow, Poland.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Arrival
Jews at forced labor constructing
the wall around the Krakow ghetto.
1941
Polish and Jewish laborers construct a
section of the wall that separated the
Warsaw ghetto from the rest of the city.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Daily Life
A brother feeds his young sister in the Lodz Ghetto.
Children selling books to earn money.
Nazi officer terrorizes elderly woman with a whip.
Jewish men remove loaves of bread from a wagon at
the soup kitchen in the Kielce ghetto.
Jew chopping up furniture to use as fuel.
Girls eating in soup
kitchen, Warsaw.
Lodz Ghetto.
The ghetto orchestra, Lodz.
Communal kitchen for children,
Warsaw Ghetto.
Jews using a wooden bridge to cross from
one section of the Lodz Ghetto to the other.
Burials, a part of daily life.
Street scene, Warsaw Ghetto.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Jewish Life
Jewish women
baking matzos for
Passover in the
Warsaw Ghetto.
Celebrating the
Passover Seder in
the Warsaw Ghetto.
Reading the Torah.
Jewish men
praying in the
Krakow Ghetto.
Celebrating the
beginning of the
Sabbath in the
Lodz Ghetto.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Conditions
With little food and diseases
rampant in the crowded
ghettos, the living conditions
became unbearable.
Food ration card.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Smuggling
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
Forced Labor
Jewish women press Nazi
military uniforms in the
Glubokoye Ghetto.
Making shoes.
Kovno, Lithuania.
Jewish children making boxes
in the Glubokoye Ghetto.
A workshop in the Warsaw
Ghetto.
Jewish women moving human
excrement, Lodz, Poland.
Child in a ghetto factory,
Kovno, Lithuania.
Ghetto Life
The horror is not in the executions. It is in the life that came before the executions.
- Abba Kovner, partisan fighter from the Vilna Ghetto
• Judenrat
• Arrival
• Daily Life
• Jewish Life
• Conditions
• Smuggling
• Forced Labor
• “Liquidation/Resettlement”
“Liquidation/Resettlement”
Jews are forced into a truck which is taking
them to their execution.
Jews from the Lodz ghetto board trains
for the death camp at Chelmno.
Deportation of the elderly and sick from
the Lodz Ghetto to Chelmno.
Passengers in a train car.
Lodz, Poland
Deportations in and out of the
Lodz Ghetto.
Round-ups in the Warsaw Ghetto.
Jews from Lublin ghetto being hustled
to the trains to be sent to Sobibor
death camp.
Deportation of Children from the
Lodz Ghetto.
A woman writing a letter
before boarding a
deportation train.
Lodz, Poland
Final farewell: A child about to
be sent to death camp.
Jews parting from their relatives
before their deportation.
Lodz, Poland
“The Ghetto” by Samuel Bak
Attack in the West
With the invasion of each country in Western Europe, anti-Jewish policies
followed patterns seen previously in Germany between 1933-1939.
 Jews were categorized.
 Civil liberties were restricted and property confiscated.
 Jews were dismissed from universities and civil service jobs.
 Jewish businesses taken over.
 Jews were isolated and forced to wear a star.
 Jews were assembled in large cities.
 Jews were deported to camps in the east.
Attack in the West
Denmark & Norway: April 9, 1940
The Lowlands: May 10, 1940
France: May 13, 1940
Great Britain: July 10, 1940
Invasion of Denmark & Norway
April 9, 1940
• With the outbreak of war,
Scandinavia had proclaimed
itself strictly neutral.
• With Poland now secured
and the Soviet Union safely on
hold, Hitler was eager to
attack in the west.
• Russia attacked Finland in
November 1939, making
Norway and Denmark
vulnerable to a Russian
takeover. Germany recognized
the need to advance into
Scandinavia first.
• The Norwegians and Danes
were seen as fellow Aryans
and offered a “partnership”
with Nazi Germany.
Attack in the West
Denmark & Norway: April 9, 1940
The Lowlands: May 10, 1940
France: May 13, 1940
Great Britain: July 10, 1940
Invasion of the Lowlands
May 10, 1940
• All hoped to remain neutral
after World War II began.
• Germany attacked without
declaring war.
• Allied assistance was
requested, but it was too late.
British and French forces
were able to rush into
Belgium, but fell into a
German trap.
• Luxembourg surrendered in
1 day, the Netherlands
surrendered in 5 days, and
Belgium surrendered in 18
days.
(Yellow lines are borders of countries.)
Attack in the West
Denmark & Norway: April 9, 1940
The Lowlands: May 10, 1940
France: May 13, 1940
Great Britain: July 10, 1940
Invasion of France: May 13, 1940
•
Dunkirk
Dunkirk
Evacuation at Dunkirk, June 4, 1940
Ardennes
Forest
● France was the country Hitler most wanted to conquer and humiliate.
● France’s military was larger and more technologically advanced than Germany’s.
● The German army entered France just north of the Maginot Line through Luxembourg and the dense
Ardennes Forest of Belgium.
● The Allied forces in Belgium found themselves surrounded and were forced to retreat to Dunkirk.
June 14, 1940
German
troops enter Paris as French and
Allied forces retreat.
June 22, 1940
Armistice is signed.
June 23, 1940
Hitler tours Paris.
The conquest of France was the zenith of Hitler’s career and the peak of popularity
for the Nazis among the German people.
● The Armistice with was signed on
June 22, 1940 on the very spot of
Germany’s humiliating surrender
at the end of World War I.
● A separate agreement was
reached with Italy, which had
entered the war against France on
June 10, well after the outcome of
the battle was beyond doubt.
● France was divided into 2 zones:
- An occupied zone in the north,
under German control, with Paris
as the official capital.
- An unoccupied zone in the south
under the control of a
collaborative French government
led by Marshal Pétain, with the
town of Vichy as the administrative
center.
“Stamps” drawn on the blank borders of
a sheet of postage stamps by Karl
Schwesig, a non-Jew interred in Gurs
concentration camp in France.
The words “Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity” were the motto of the French
Revolution. The founding principle’s of
the state.
The stamps tell ironically what Schwesig
believed had become of these noble
ideas.
Italy Joins the Axis
June 10, 1940
Benito Mussolini with Adolf Hitler.
Italy enters World War II as a Germany ally hoping to establish a
“New Roman Empire.” Although allied with Germany, Mussolini did
not willingly cooperate in the Nazi plan to kill the Jews of Europe.
Mussolini called himself “Il
Duce“ (the leader). He was
Prime Minister & Dictator of
fascist Italy, 1922-1943.
Attack in the West
Denmark & Norway: April 9, 1940
The Lowlands: May 10, 1940
France: May 13, 1940
Great Britain: July 10, 1940
The Battle of Britain
July 10, 1940
● This was the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air.
● Britain’s survival was crucial for the Allied war effort.
● Hitler’s plan was to take London by August 1940.
● In October 1940, unable to accomplish his goals, Hitler had to
postpone the invasion.
“The Painter and the Clipper”, 1940
Arthur Szyk
The Tripartite Pact
September 27, 1940
Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany
Emperor Hirohito, Japan
Benito Mussolini, Italy
Attack in the South
April 1941
Nov. 20, 1940
Nov. 23, 1940
June 10, 1940
March 1, 1941
● In October 1940, the Italians
had attacked Greece
unsuccessfully and were trapped
by British and Greek forces.
● Worried the British might
establish a stronghold in the
south, Hitler ordered German
forces to the Balkans in April
1941.
● The Axis powers were
successful in Greece, but this
caused a fatal delay in Hitler’s
plans for a Soviet invasion.
● Believing that he could defeat
the Soviet Union during the 3
summer months, Hitler planned
a campaign for the spring of
1941.
Attack in the East
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Einsatzgruppen
Bialystock Massacre, June 27, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre,
September 28-29, 1941
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
The invasion of the Soviet Union was an “ideological battle
and a struggle of races” according to Heinrich Himmler.
The war against Russia will be such that it cannot be conducted in a knightly fashion.
This struggle is one of ideologies and racial differences and will have to be conducted
with unprecedented, unmerciful and unrelenting harshness.
- Adolf Hitler, 1941
German soldiers in the Soviet Union. December 1943
Attack in the East
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Einsatzgruppen
Bialystock Massacre, June 27, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre,
September 28-29, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Soviet P.O.W.’s from the Ukrainian front.
Kharkov, Soviet Union, June 18, 1942
Camp for Soviet P.O.W.’s. Shelter was
minimal, consisting of rough dug outs.
Wietzendorf, Germany, 1941-1942.
Attack in the East
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Einsatzgruppen
Bialystock Massacre, June 27, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre,
September 28-29, 1941
Einsatzgruppen
Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews.
- Adolf Hitler
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Four Einsatzgruppen units followed the 4-pronged
German army invasion of the Soviet Union.
The Einsatzgruppen killed more than 1.2 million Jews
between July 1941 and March 1942
Part of a report detailing murder
of Jews in the Nazi-occupied
Baltic states and White Russia by
Einsatzgruppe A.
Submitted February 1, 1942.
Marched to the forest.
Forced to dig their own grave.
Forced to undress.
Shot into a ditch.
Nazis executing a Jew at the edge of a
mass grave.
Ukraine, January 1942
Attack in the East
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Einsatzgruppen
Bialystock Massacre, June 27, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre,
September 28-29, 1941
Bialystok Massacre
June 27, 1941
The Great Synagogue of Bialystok, built in
1908, was the largest wooden synagogue
in Eastern Europe.
On June 27, 1941 the Germans forced
500-700 Jews into the synagogue and
burned it to the ground.
Attack in the East
The Invasion, June 22, 1941
Soviet P.O.W.’s
Einsatzgruppen
Bialystock Massacre, June 27, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre,
September 28-29, 1941
Babi Yar Massacre
September 28 - 29, 1941
Top of the Babi Yar ravine, where 33,771 Jews were
massacred in two days. This was the largest mass murder at
an individual location during World War II. Soviet P.O.W.’s
level the ground over the mass grave in the Fall 1941
A 1936 portrait of
2 year-old Mania Halef,
a Jewish child who was
later killed at Babi Yar.
Elegy for the Jewish Villages
Gone now are those little towns
where the shoemaker was a poet
The watchmaker a philosopher,
the barber a troubadour.
Gone now are those little towns
where the wind joined
Biblical songs with Polish tunes
and Slavic rue,
Me and My Village
by Marc Chagall
Where old Jews in orchards
in the shade of cherry trees
Lamented for the holy walls
of Jerusalem.
- Antoni Slonimski
Rain by Marc Chagall
Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in
infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and
deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of
Japan. As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have
directed that all measures be taken for our defense. With
confidence in our armed forces – with the unbounded
determination of our people – we will gain the inevitable
triumph – so help us God.
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt, December 8, 1941
U.S.S. Maryland and
capsized U.S.S. Oklahoma.
View down “Battleship Row.”
Wannsee Conference
January 20, 1942
● SS Lieutenant General Reinhard
Heydrich called together 15 high
ranking Nazi officials to discuss and
coordinate the implementation of
the “Final Solution.”
● This did not mark the beginning of
the “Final Solution,” rather it was the
place where the “Final Solution” was
formally revealed to Nazi leaders
● Within ninety minutes, the
implementation of the “Final
Solution” had been planned and the
death sentence of 11 million Jews
had been passed down.
The Wannsee Villa outside of Berlin.
● Never before had a modern state
committed itself to the murder of an
entire people.
List of countries presented at the
Wannsee Conference, with the
number of Jews who were to be
deported to their deaths. Almost half
of these countries never came under
German rule or control.
The Evolution of Death
In mid-March 1942, 75-80% of all victims of the Holocaust were still alive,
while 20-25% had perished. Merely eleven months later, in mid-February 1943, the percentages were
exactly the reverse. - Christopher R. Browning, Holocaust historian
A “hell” van.
The first carbon monoxide experiments using cars.
Zyklon-B crystals.
Deportations
A child’s drawing showing a German
soldier shooting at a train of deportees.
A 1942 transport to Treblinka.
Corpses lie in an open railcar at Dachau.
“Im Wagon” (In the Railway Car)
by Ella Liebermann-Shiber
Written in Pencil
in a Sealed Railway Car
here in this carload
i am eve
with abel my son
if you see my other son
cain son of man …
tell him I
Deportation Routes to Auschwitz
• A complex network of rail
lines was necessary to
accomplish the vast
deportations.
• Shown here are the
deportation routes leading
to only one camp, Auschwitz.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Types of Concentration Camps
● Labor Camps
● Prisoner of War Camps
● Transit Camps
● Extermination Camps
Buchenwald, Germany.
(labor camp)
Westerbork, Netherlands.
Lighting Chanukah candles.
(transit camp)
Dachau, Germany.
(labor camp)
Bergen-Belsen, Germany.
(labor camp)
Drancy, France.
Courtyard used to round up
Jews for deportation.
(transit camp)
Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia.
Production of opera Brundibar.
(ghetto/transit camp)
Ravensbruck, Germany.
(labor camp for women)
Dora-Mittelbau, Germany.
Camouflaged entrance to the
underground rocket factory.
(labor camp)
Flossenburg, Germany.
The quarry.
(labor camp)
Mauthausen, Austria.
Main entrance to the camp.
(labor camp)
Oranienburg, Germany.
Political prisoners in the
camp yard.
(POW/labor camp)
Neuengamme, Germany.
On the left is the camp brick
factory.
(labor camp)
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Extermination Camps
100,000
Victims
Camp
Deaths
Survivors
Auschwitz-Birkenau
1.1 – 1.6 million
7,000
Belzec *
434,500
2
Chelmno
152,000
2
Majdanek
170-235,000
<600
Sobibor *
> 167,000
50
Treblinka *
870,000-925,000
<100
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Treblinka
Living Area
1. Main entrance
2. Commandant's living quarters
3. Ukranian guards' living quarters
4. Zoo
5. Service buildings for the SS
6. Barracks for the domestic staff
7. Building for sorting valuables
8. SS living quarters
9. Service Storage Buildings
10. Stables and livestock area
11. Barracks for women prisoners
12. Barracks for male prisoners
13. Latrine
14. Assembly area for prisoners
15. Entrances to reception area
16. Entrance for the guards
Living
Area
Reception Area
17. Station platform, ramp, and square
18. Storehouse for victims' property
(disguised as a train station)
19. Burial pits
20. Execution site
(disguised as a hospital)
21. Reception square (sorting area)
22. Latrine
23. Cremation pyres
24. Deportation area
25. Barracks where women undressed,
surrendered their valuables,
and had heads shaved
26. Barracks where men undressed
27. Approach to the gas chambers
(the tube, der Schlauch)
Extermination Area
28. New gas chambers
29. Old gas chambers
30. Cremation pyres
31. Prisoners barracks
Reception Area
Extermination Area
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Auschwitz
At Auschwitz, not only did man die, but the image of man died. - Elie Wiesel
Auschwitz I
A House of camp commandant
B Main guardhouse
C Offices of camp commandant
D Offices of camp administration
E Hospital for SS
F Offices of Gestapo
G Registration of new prisoners
H Entrance gate w/ inscription:
Arbeit macht frei
I Kitchen
K1 Gas Chamber & Crematorium I
L Stores, stables, garages &
workshops
M Warehouse for belongings from
prisoners and Zyklon-B
N Gravel pit (site of executions)
O Where camp orchestra played
P Laundry
R SS guardroom
S Wall where prisoners executed
1-28 Blocks Housing Prisoners
Auschwitz II (Birkenau)
A
BI
BII
BIII
B1a
B1b
BIIa
BIIb
BIIc
BIId
BIIe
BIIf
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
KII
KIII
KIV
KV
L
Main gate & guardhouse
Sector I
Sector II
Sector III, under construction
Camp for women
Initially camp for men; after 1943
camp for women
Quarantine area
Family camp for Jews from Terezin
Camp for Jews from Hungary
Camp for men
Camp for gypsies
Infirmary
Camp HQ & SS barracks
“Canada”
Ramp where “selection” occurred
Showers
Pits where corpses burned
Mass graves of Soviet POW’s
1st improvised gas chamber
2nd improvised gas chamber
Gas Chamber & Crematorium I
Gas Chamber & Crematorium II
Gas Chamber & Crematorium IV
Gas Chamber & Crematorium V
Latrines & washrooms
Lane separating barracks in the
main camp. On the left, in the
distance, is crematorium #1.
The camp's double, electrified, barbed
wire fence and barracks.
Row of barracks in Auschwitz II.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Arrival
Entrance to Auschwitz I.
Entrance to Auschwitz II (Birkenau).
Jews on “the ramp”.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Selection
Men on the right.
Women & children on the left.
Those “fit” for work were
registered as prisoners.
Those “unfit” for work were
exterminated.
Around us, everyone was weeping.
Someone began to recite the Kaddish,
the prayer for the dead. I do not know if
it has ever happened before, in the long
history of the Jews, that people have
ever recited the prayer for the dead for
themselves.
- Elie Wiesel in Night, recalling what he
experienced as a teenager fresh off the
transport train at Auschwitz, 1944.
Unable to Work by David Olère.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
“Canada”
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Registration
They will even take away our name: and if we want to keep it, we will have to find in
ourselves the strength to do so, to manage somehow so that behind the name something
of us, of us as we were, still remains. – Primo Levi, Survival at Auschwitz
Registration: Camp Badges
Political
Jewish
Political
Criminal
Jewish
Criminal
F
P
Political
(French)
Political
(Polish)
Antisocial
Jewish
Antisocial
Homosexual
Jewish
Homosexual
Political
Second-Time
Offender
Wehrmacht
Prisoner
Emigrant
Jehovah’s
Witness
Gypsy
Jewish
Emigrant
Penal
Company
Prisoner Under
Special Surveillance
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Barracks
Six people slept on a plank of wood, on top of us another layer. And if one of us had to turn,
all the others had to turn because it was so narrow. One cover, no pillow, no mattress.
Alice Lok, Survivor
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Roll Call
Life is not important at the roll call. Numbers are important. Numbers tally.
- Salmen Gradowski, Auschwitz Survivor
Amidst a Nightmare of Crime
Appell (roll call).
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Food
A fortnight after my arrival, I already had the prescribed hunger, that chronic hunger
unknown to free men, which makes one dream at night, and settles in all the limbs of one‟s
body. - Primo Levi, Survival at Auschwitz
A DAY’S RATIONS
Breakfast
2 cups coffee or tea
(often nothing more than
dried leaves or bark,usually
birch, in hot water)
Midday
3 cups turnip and potato soup ,
a scrap of meat or Avo (yeast
extract) added
Evening
10 oz. of bread,
less than 1 oz. sausage or
cheese, and a teaspoon of
margarine and beet jam
Drawings of Ella Liebermann Shiber
Soup Distribution
“Juden bekommen zuletzt!”
(Jews are last!)
Hunger - Looking for Food
“Auf der Suche nach
Kartoffelschalen”
(Looking for potato peels )
Hunger – Stealing Bread
“Der Dieb” (The Thief )
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Slave Labor
Leaving for Work by David Olère.
Camp inmates are marched out to work past
victims of Nazi camp discipline.
Buna Factory,
Auschwitz III
(Monowitz).
Jewish women pulling cars of quarried stones,
Plaszlow, 1944.
Assembly line at
the Bavarian
Motor Works
(BMW) aircraft
engine factory,
Allach, Germany.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Brutality
If you can be cruel to one, you are capable of being cruel to many.
- Auschwitz: If You Cried You Died
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Survival
Just as despair can come to one only from other human beings, hope, too, can be
given to one only by other human beings. - Elie Wiesel
Prisoner throwing himself onto an
electrified fence, Mauthausen.
“Muselmann”
German term describing prisoners
who were near death due to
exhaustion, starvation or
hopelessness.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Medical Experiments
Survivor shows scar of a
wound deliberately
infected with dirt,
bacteria and slivers of
glass.
Low pressure
experimentation
resulting in death
from burst lungs.
Immersed in freezing water at Dachau. Medical experiment at Buchenwald.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Extermination
Women and children awaiting the gas chambers in the “Little Wood”
adjacent to the gas chambers at Auschwitz II (Birkenau).
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Gassings
SS camp guards with
Zyklon-B canisters.
Gas chamber in
Crematorium I,
Auschwitz I.
The camp orchestra played to calm
fears en route to the gas chambers.
Gassings
Gassing,
David Olère.
We acknowledge receipt of your
order for five triple furnaces,
including two electric elevators
for raising the corpses and one
emergency elevator.
Contract acceptance letter,
J.A. Topf & Sons
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Crematorium I
The first killing center was located at Auschwitz I. It was built partially underground
and housed a primitive gas chamber along with several crematory ovens.
View of the walled entrance. April 1945.
Note the small access lids in the roof through which Zyklon-B crystals were dropped.
Metal slide for placing
bodies into oven.
Crematory as found at
liberation.
Artwork by Jan
Komski, survivor.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Crematorium II
One of the two main crematoria at Auschwitz II (Birkenau).
All of the combined gas chambers/crematoria at Birkenau were systematically
dismantled and then dynamited by the Germans in late 1944.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Crematorium III
Crematorium II and III were the largest gassing and cremating facilities in the Nazi
extermination system.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Crematorium IV
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
Crematorium V
Located in a remote corner of the camp,
this facility was the last in operation at Auschwitz II (Birkenau).
In Memory of the Czech Transport to the Gas Chambers
Yehuda Bacon 1945, Charcoal on paper.
•
•
•
•
The Camps
Types of Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps
Treblinka
Auschwitz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Arrival
Selection
“Canada”
Registration
Daily Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
Barracks
Roll Call
Food
Slave Labor
Brutality
Survival
6. Medical Experiments
7. Extermination
–
–
–
–
–
–
Gassings
Crematorium I
Crematorium II
Crematorium III
Crematorium IV
Crematorium V
• The Value of Life
The Value of a Life
Rings
These shoes represent one day's
collection at the peak of the gassings,
about twenty-five thousand pairs.
Calculation by the SS of Profit Value in the Utilization of
Prisoners in the Concentration Camps
- Official SS Document, March 11, 1941 Daily “farming-out” wage, average
6.00 Reichsmark, RM
Food, daily
<0.60> RM
Clothing depreciation
<0.10> RM
Balance
5.30 RM / day
Approximate life span
X 9 month (270 days)
NET PROFIT
1,431.00 RM / prisoner
Efficient utilization of prisoner’s body,
i.e. dental gold, clothing, valuables, money
202.00 RM
Cremation cost
<2.00> RM
AVERAGE NET PROFIT
200.00 RM
TOTAL PROFIT AFTER 9 MONTHS
1631.00 RM
Plus additional revenue from utilization of bones and ashes.
(1941: 1 RM = $.40, or 2.5 RM = $1.00)
We say „hunger,‟ we say „tiredness,‟ „fear,‟ „pain,‟ we
say „winter‟ and they are different things. They are
free words, created and used by free men who lived in
comfort and suffering in their homes. If the (camps)
had lasted longer, a new, harsh language would have
been born; and only this language could express what
it means to toil the whole day in the wind with the
temperature below freezing, and wearing only a shirt,
underpants, cloth jacket and trousers, and in one‟s
body nothing but weakness, hunger and knowledge of
the end drawing nearer.
- Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz
Resistance
There may be times when we are powerless to prevent injustice,
there must never be a time when we fail to protest.
Elie Wiesel
• Obstacles to Resistance
• Jewish Resistance
• Non-Jewish Resistance
• Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps
• Partisan Activity
but
-
Obstacles to Resistance
1. Superior armed power of the Germans.
2. German tactic of “collective responsibility.”
3. Secrecy and deception of deportations.
4. Family ties and responsibilities.
5. Absence of a non-Jewish population willing to help.
Resistance
Anything could be resistance, because everything was forbidden. Every activity that
created the impression that the prisoner retained something of his former personality
and individuality represented resistance.
- Andrea Devoto, Italian Psychiatrist
• Obstacles to Resistance
• Jewish Resistance
• Non-Jewish Resistance
• Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps
• Partisan Activity
Jewish Resistance
To smuggle a loaf of bread – was to resist.
To teach in secret – was to resist.
To cry out in warning and shatter illusions – was to resist.
To rescue a Torah Scroll – was to resist.
To forge documents – was to resist.
To smuggle people across borders – was to resist.
To chronicle events and conceal the records – was to resist.
To hold out a helping hand to the needy – was to resist.
To contact those under siege and smuggle weapons – was to resist.
To fight with weapons in streets, mountains, and forests – was to resist.
To rebel in death camps – was to resist.
To rise up in ghettos, among the crumbling walls, in the most desperate revolt
– was to resist.
Taken from a wall on resistance at the Ghetto Fighters House.
Resistance
Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or
strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.
- Robert F. Kennedy
• Obstacles to Resistance
• Jewish Resistance
• Non-Jewish Resistance
• Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps
• Partisan Activity
Non-Jewish Resistance
First they came for the Communists,
but I was not a Communist so I did
not speak out.
Then they came for the Socialists
and the Trade Unionists, but I was
neither, so I did not speak out.
Then they came for the Jews, but I
was not a Jew so I did not speak out.
And when they came for me, there
was no one left to speak out for me.
Hans Scholl (left), Sophie Scholl (center),
and Christoph Probst (right), leaders of
The White Rose resistance organization.
Munich, Germany, 1942.
- Pastor Martin Niemoeller
Resistance
Jewish armed resistance … , when it came, did not spring from a sudden impulse; it was not
an act of personal courage on the part of a few individuals or organized groups: it was the
culmination of Jewish defiance, defiance that had existed from the advent of the ghetto.
- Vladka Meed, Holocaust Survivor, participant in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
• Obstacles to Resistance
• Jewish Resistance
• Non-Jewish Resistance
• Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps
• Partisan Activity
Resistance in the Ghettos
and the Camps
Sniper during Warsaw Ghetto uprising.
Oneg Shabbat archives being examined in
Warsaw, 1950.
Participants of the uprising at the Sobibór.
concentration camp.
Execution Of Jewish resistance fighters from
the Warsaw Ghetto.
The Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto, 1945
Arthur Szyk
Resistance
Blessed is the heart with the strength to stop Its beating for honor‟s sake.
Blessed is the match consumed in kindling flame.
- Hannah Senesh
•
Obstacles to Resistance
• Jewish Resistance
• Non-Jewish Resistance
• Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps
• Partisan Activity
Partisan Activity
Jewish partisans who fought in the vicinity of
Vilna, Poland.
A hanged Jewish partisan with a sign: "We are
partisans and have shot at German soldiers."
Poland 1941 – 1944.
A Jewish partisan plants dynamite on a
railroad track. Vilna, 1943 or 1944.
Jewish partisans in the
Lithuanian forests.
Yugoslav partisans with Jewish
parachutists from Palestine.
Yugoslavia, 1944.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Allied Invasion at Normandy
D-Day: June 6, 1944
“A Memory of June 6, 1944”
Simon Jeruchim’s image of the Allied invasion of Normandy.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
The Allies Close In
The war against the Jews
continued as the Allies
closed in on the crumbling
Nazi empire. Extermination
of the Jews was so efficient
that by the time the Soviet
army re-crossed the Polish
border in 1944 and D-Day
occurred on June 6, most of
the approximately 6 million
Jews who died in the
Holocaust were already
dead.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Death Marches
As the Allied armies closed in
on the Nazi concentration
camps, every effort was made
to conceal the crimes that
had been committed.
Camps were dismantled or
abandoned. In the dead of
winter, prisoners were taken
by train and/or foot toward
the heartland of Germany
with hopes of preserving the
slave labor force for the Reich.
Thousands froze to death or
died.
“Death March” by Ella Liebermann Shiber
Dachau, Germany
Camp prisoners marching through a village.
Photo was taken through upstairs window of a
private home along the route. Few civilians gave
aid to prisoners on the death marches.
April 1945, Dachau, Germany.
German civilians, under direction of U.S. medical officers, walk past a group of 30 Jewish
women starved to death by SS troops in a 300 mile march across Czechoslovakia.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Liberation
We are free, but how will we live our lives without our families. - Anton Mason, Survivor
Survivors eagerly pull down
the Nazi eagle over entrance
to the Mauthausen.
Survivors in Allach, a
sub-camp of Dachau,
greet arriving U.S. troops.
C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
S
Survivors of Auschwitz, wearing adult-size
prisoner jackets.
Jewish survivors at Ebensee gathered
outside on the day after liberation.
Survivor sitting outside a barrack,
Bergen-Belsen, April 1945.
Young survivors at Buchenwald,
April 1945.
F
O
O
D
M
E
D
I
C
I
N
E
Survivors, too weak to eat solid food,
suck on sugar cubes to give them
strength.
The sick are evacuated to an
American field hospital.
Survivors in Dachau distribute bread to
their comrades after liberation.
American medical personnel at work
in a typhus ward in a hospital for
survivors.
Witness to the Atrocities
General Dwight D. Eisenhower and other
members of the Army view the bodies of
executed prisoners.
Ohrdruf, April 12, 1945.
German civilians under U.S. military
escort are forced to see a wagon
loaded with corpses in Buchenwald.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Yalta (Crimea) Conference
February 4 - 11, 1945
Roosevelt & Churchill
“How are we feeling
today?”
– a 1945 British cartoon
shows Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin as
doctors, working together
to heal the world.
The "Big Three": Winston Churchill,
D. Roosevelt , Joseph Stalin
Franklin
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Hitler’s Last Days
One of the last pictures taken of Hitler in
his bunker before he committed suicide.
On the left is Col. Gen. Ferdinand
Schoerner who was appointed
commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht in
Hitler’s will.
In the garden outside his bunker, Hitler
decorates Hitler Youth who have been
newly recruited as soldiers.
After the ceremony, he returns to his
underground refuge.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
The Fall of Berlin
May 2, 1945
Soviet soldiers
celebrate the fall of
Berlin by hoisting the
Red Flag over the
ruined Reichstag.
As his last significant official
act, Hitler appointed Grand
Admiral Karl Doenitz to
succeed him as führer.
The Reichstag lies in
ruins as did most of
Berlin.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Surrender in the West
May 8, 1945
With this signature the German people and the German Armed Forces are, for better or worse,
delivered into the hands of the victors … In this hour I can only express the hope that the victor will
treat them with generosity.
- General Alfred Jodl (during the signing of the unconditional surrender), Reims, France.
Move to last days??????????
General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations
Staff in the German High Command, signs the
document of unconditional German surrender
on May 7. Left is Admiral Von Friedeburg of the
German Navy. Right is Major Wilhelm Oxenius
of the German General Staff.
German Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
signs a surrender document at Soviet
headquarters in Berlin, May 9, 1945. The
Soviets had insisted that a second
ceremonial signing take place in Sovietoccupied Berlin.
The Final Stages of War
• Allied Invasion at Normandy: June 6, 1944
• The Allies Close In
• Death Marches
• Liberation
• Yalta (Crimea) Conference: February 4-11, 1945
• Hitler’s Last Days
• The Fall of Berlin: May 2, 1945
• Surrender in the West: May 8, 1945
• Allied Occupation and Denazification
Allied Occupation
& Denazification
The Aftermath
•Jewish Losses
•Displaced Persons (DP’s)
•Potsdam Conference:
July 17 – August 2, 1945
•The Nuremberg Trials
Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946
Poland
88%
2,900,000
Soviet Union
33%
1,000,000
Hungary
70%
550,000
Romania
Lithuania
Germany
Netherlands
Bohemia & Moravia
France
Latvia
Slovakia
Greece
Yugoslavia
Austria
Belgium
Italy
Luxembourg
Estonia
Norway
Denmark
Finland
Albania
Bulgaria
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
35%
90%
27%
75%
84%
24%
75%
76%
80%
72%
27%
44%
20%
50%
33%
55%
1.3%
2.8%
0
0
0
0
0
271,000
140,000
134,500
100,000
78,150
77,320
70,000
68,000
60,000
56,200
50,000
28,900
7,680
1,950
1,500
762
60
7
0
0
0
0
0
Jewish Losses
TOTAL : 5,596,029 *
* These are minimum losses as reported by
Yehuda Bauer and Robert Rozett, "Estimated
Jewish Losses in the Holocaust," in Encyclopedia of
the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan, 1990),
p.1799.
The estimated number of Jewish fatalities
during the Holocaust is usually given
between 5.1 and 6 million victims.
Despite the availability of numerous
scholarly works and archival sources on
the subject, Holocaust related figures may
never be definitely known.
The Aftermath
•Jewish Losses
•Displaced Persons (DP’s)
•Potsdam Conference:
July 17 – August 2, 1945
•The Nuremberg Trials
Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946
Displaced Persons (DP’s)
Portraits of children in Germany holding name
cards, in search of their families. Their
photographs were published in newspapers.
Jewish refugees in Shanghai look
for names of relatives and friends
who may have survived the war.
A child lights a Hannukah menorah
during a celebration in a DP camp.
Wedding ceremony at a DP camp.
The Aftermath
•Jewish Losses
•Displaced Persons (DP’s)
•Potsdam Conference:
July 17 – August 2, 1945
•The Nuremberg Trials
Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946
Potsdam Conference
July 17 – August 2, 1945
POLAND
Churchill, Truman, Stalin
The "Big Three" pose with their principal advisors.
Seated (left to right): British Prime Minister Clement Atlee;
U.S. President Harry S. Truman; Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.
Standing (left to right): Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN,
Truman's Chief of Staff; British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin;
U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes;
Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov.
Europe after World War I
The Aftermath
•Jewish Losses
•Displaced Persons (DP’s)
•Potsdam Conference:
July 17 – August 2, 1945
•The Nuremberg Trials
Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946
Nuremberg Trials
Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946
Palace of Justice in Nuremberg.
Front: Hermann Goering, Rudolf
Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and
Wilhelm Keitel.
The defendants at Nuremberg.
Julius Streicher,
Front: Rudolf Hess, Joachim von
Editor-in-Chief of Der Ribbentrop Back: Karl Doenitz, Erich
Stürmer.
Raeder and Balder von Schirach.
Nuremberg Defendants
DEFENDANT
POSITION
CHARGES
SENTENCE
Martin Bormann
Head of main Nazi office, Hitler’s secretary.
3,4
Death (in absentia). Found to have
been killed in Battle of Berlin.
Karl Doenitz
Supreme Commander of Navy, Chosen by
Hitler to succeed him as führer. Negotiated
surrender following Hitler’s suicide.
2,3
Served 10 years. Died 1981.
Hans Frank
Governor General of Nazi-occupied Poland.
Known as the “Jew butcher of Krakow.”
3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Wilhelm Frick
Reich Minister of the Interior; Responsible
for exclusionary Jewish laws including
Nuremberg Laws.
2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Hans Fritzsche
Head of Radio Division (one of 12
divisions) of Propaganda Ministry
Walter Funk
Minister of Economics. President of
Reichsbank
2,3,4
Life in prison. Released in 1957
because of poor health. Died 1959.
Hermann Goering
Commander-in-Chief of Luftwaffe,
President of Reichstag, creator of Gestapo.
Hitler’s chosen successor.
1,2,3,4
Death by hanging. Committed
suicide the day before his
scheduled hanging by taking a
cyanide pill that was smuggled into
his cell. 1946.
Acquitted. Later tried & convicted
by a German court, freed 1950.
Died 1953.
1. Conspiracy to Commit Crimes 2. Crimes Against Peace 3. War Crimes
4. Crimes Against Humanity
DEFENDANT
POSITION
CHARGES
SENTENCE
Rudolf Hess
Reich Minister Without Portfolio. Helped Hitler
write Mein Kampf. Ranked 3rd behind Goering.
1,2
Life in prison. Committed
suicide by hanging in 1987
at age 93.
Alfred Jodl
Army General & Chief of Staff to General Keitel
1,2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Ernst
Kaltenbrunner
Chief of Security Police. Head of Reich
Security Main Office after Heydrich’s
assassination. Controlled Gestapo, camp
system and administration of Final Solution.
3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Wilhelm Keitel
Chief of the High Command of the Armed
Forces. Second to Hitler in command of the
armed forces
1,2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Konstantin von
Neurath
Minister of Foreign Affairs ’32-’38. Reich
Protector of Bohemia & Moravia ’39-’43.
1,2,3,4
15 years. Released
because of poor health in
1954 and died 2 years
later.
Franz von Papen
Reich Chancellor prior to Hitler, Reich ViceChancellor under Hitler, Ambassador in Vienna
& Turkey
Erich Raeder
Supreme Commander of the Navy
1,2,3
Life in prison. Served 9
years before release in
1955. Died 1960 at age
84.
Joachim von
Ribbentrop
Foreign Minister
1,2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Acquitted
1. Conspiracy to Commit Crimes 2. Crimes Against Peace 3. War Crimes
4. Crimes Against Humanity
DEFENDANT
POSITION
CHARGES
SENTENCE
Alfred Rosenberg
Nazi Party Philosopher, Reich Minister of
Occupied Eastern Territories
1,2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Fritz Sauckel
Chief of slave labor recruitment.
Responsible for extermination of tens of
thousands of Jewish workers in Poland.
3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Hjalmar Schacht
Reichsbank President & Minister of
Economics before the war.
Baldur von
Schirach
Leader of Hitler Youth. Gauleiter of Vienna.
4
20 years. Freed 1966.
Died 1974 at age 67.
Artur von SeyssInquart
Governor of Austria, Deputy to Hans Frank
in Nazi-occupied Poland, Commissioner of
German-occupied Netherlands.
2,3,4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Albert Speer
Reich minister for Armament & Munitions.
Responsible for slave labor in factories
under his control.
3, 4
20 years. Freed 1966.
Died 1981 at age 76.
Julius Streicher
Editor of Der Stürmer
4
Death. Hanged 1946.
Acquitted. Later convicted
by a German court and
sentenced to 8 years.
Freed in 1950. Died in
1970 at age 93.
1. Conspiracy to Commit Crimes 2. Crimes Against Peace 3. War Crimes
4. Crimes Against Humanity
I am entirely normal. Even while I was doing this extermination work, I led a normal family life
and so on…Don’t you see, we SS men were not supposed to think about these things; it never
even occurred to us. And besides, it was something already taken for granted that the Jews
were to blame for everything … You can be sure that it was not always a pleasure to see those
mountains of corpses and smell the continual burning. But Himmler had ordered it and had
even explained the necessity and I really never gave much thought to whether it was wrong. It
just seemed a necessity …
For me as an old fanatic National Socialist, I took It all as fact – just as a Catholic believes in his
Church dogma. It was just truth without questions; I had no doubt about that … That was the
picture I had in my head, so when Himmler called me to him I just accepted it as the realization
of something I had already accepted – not only I, but everybody. I took it so much for granted
that … this crass order to exterminate thousands of people (I did not know then how many) –
even though it did frighten me momentarily – it fitted in with all that had been preached to me
for years. The problem itself, the extermination of Jewry, was not new – but only that I was to
be the one to carry it out, frightened me at first. But after getting the clear direct order and
even an explanation with it – there was nothing left but to carry it out … Don’t you see, we SS
men were not supposed to think about these things; it never occurred to us … We were all so
much trained to obey orders without even thinking, that the thought of disobeying an order
would simply never have occurred to anybody, and somebody else would have done just as well
if I hadn’t.
Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz, sentenced to death & hung at Auschwitz.
(From: Gilbert, G.M. Nuremberg Diary. New York: Farrar, Strauss & Company, 1947, pp. 258-59)
Bystanders (85%)
Victims
Rescuers (< 0.5%)
Perpetrators (< 10%)
Bystanders
Prisoners were
forced to wear
these carriers on
their backs to haul
stones from the
quarry.
Carrying granite boulders on wooden
“backpacks” up the “stairs of death.”
Mauthausen, Austria.
Mauthausen Wiener Graben Quarry
Letter of complaint from Mrs. Eleonore Gusenbauer
of Ried (the village above Mauthausen),
September 1941.
Inmates of the Mauthausen concentration camp are constantly being
shot at the Vienna Ditch work site. Those who are badly struck still live
for some time and lie next to the dead for hours and in some cases for
half a day.
My property is situated on an elevation close to the Vienna Ditch and
therefore one often becomes the unwilling witness of such misdeeds.
I am sickly in any case and such sights make such demands on my
nerves, that I will not be able to bear it much longer.
I request that it be arranged that such inhuman deeds will cease or
else be conducted out of sight.
Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstand., or Gordon J. Horwitz, In the Shadow of Death –
Living Outside the Gates of Mauthausen, p. 35.
Bystanders (85%)
Victims
Rescuers (< 0.5%)
Perpetrators (< 10%)
Rescue
It was a reign which, nearly half a century later, still challenges our understanding. Evil
was rewarded and good acts were punished. Bullies were aggrandized and the meek
trampled. In this mad world, most people lost their bearings. Fear disoriented them,
and self-protection blinded them. A few, however, did not lose their way. A few took their
direction from their own moral compass. - Dr. Eva Fogelman, social psychologist
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
What Motivated Rescuers?
 Some sympathized with the Jews.
 Some were actually antisemitic, but could not sanction murder or genocide.
 Some were bound to those they saved by ties of friendship and personal
loyalty, while some went out of their way to help total strangers.
 Some were motivated by their political beliefs or religious values.
 Some felt ethically that life must be preserved in the face of death.
 For some there was no choice, what they did was natural and instinctive.
Many rescuers felt they were simply acting out of elemental human decency.
They later insisted that they were not heroes, that they never thought of
themselves as doing anything special or extraordinary.
Rescue
Remember that it is easy to save human lives. One did not need to be crazy to feel pity
for an abandoned child. It was enough to open a door, to throw a piece of bread, a shirt,
a coin; it was enough to feel compassion …
In those times, one climbed to the summit of humanity by simply remaining human.
- Elie Wiesel, 1984
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
Methods of Rescue
 Hiding a Jew in one’s house or on one’s
property.
 Supplying forged ID’s or ration cards.
 Finding employment.
 Smuggling people from one place to another.
 Providing food or clothing.
Rescue
I may have disobeyed my government, but if I hadn‟t I would have been disobeying God.
- Chiune Sugihara
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
Individuals Who Rescued
Irena Sendler
Betsie, Corrie, Nollie and
Willem Ten Boom
Oskar Schindler with some of those
he rescued. 1946.
American Friends Service Committee
(Quakers)
Miep Gies
Andre Trocmé
and his wife Magda
Rescue
It is a fantastic comment on the inhumanity of our times that for thousands and
thousands of people a piece of paper with a stamp on it is the difference between life and
death. - Dorothy Thompson, journalist
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
Diplomats Who Rescued
Feng Shan Ho
Aristides de Sousa Mendes
Chiune Sugihara
Hiram Bingham
Jan Zwartendijk
Raoul Wallenberg
Rescue
You read what was accomplished by a handful of men and women, and you try to imagine
what could have been accomplished if more people had shown that they cared.
- Elie Wiesel
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
Governments that Rescued
Bulgaria
Denmark
Finland
Hungary
Italy
Vatican
United States
Danish fishermen ferry Jews to
safety in neutral Sweden during the
German occupation of Denmark.
1943.
Rescue
Whosoever saves a single life, saves the entire universe.
- The Talmud
• What
Motivated Rescuers?
•Methods of Rescue
•Individuals Who Rescued
•Diplomats Who Rescued
•Governments that Rescued
•Righteous Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations
Poland
6,135
Czech Republic
108
Slovenia
6
Netherlands
4,947
Croatia
102
Spain
4
France
2,991
Austria
85
Estonia
3
Ukraine
2,246
Moldova
78
United States
3
Belgium
1,512
Albania
68
China
2
Lithuania
761
Romania
56
Brazil
2
Hungary
725
Switzerland
45
Chile
1
Belarus
602
Bosnia
40
Vietnam
1
Slovakia
489
Norway
42
Montenegro
1
Italy
468
Denmark
22
Japan
1
Germany
427
Bulgaria
19
Luxembourg
1
Greece
282
Great Britain
14
Portugal
1
Russia
163
Armenia
13
Turkey
1
Yugoslavia (Serbia)
125
Sweden
10
Georgia
1
Latvia
120
Macedonia
9
TOTAL 22,765
American Righteous Gentiles
Varian Fry
Marseilles, France,
1940-1941.
Waitstill and Martha
Sharp
Avenue of the Righteous
Yad Vashem
I will give them in My house and in My walls, a monument and name better than sons
and daughters; I will give them an everlasting name that shall never be effaced.
- Isaiah 56:5
A tree and
plaque placed
in memory of
Corrie ten
Boom.
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
December 16, 1942
Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
November 1938
After Kristallnacht, an overwhelming
majority of the American public was
shocked by Nazi actions, but
according to polling data, 85% of the
public still opposed any change in our
restrictive immigration quotas.
1939 Roper Poll
39% Jews should be treated like everyone else
53% Jews are different & should be restricted
10% Jews should be deported
Varian Fry, on assignment for the
Emergency Rescue Committee,
briefs rescuees on escape routes.
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
February 24, 1942
The Bund Report
June 2, 1942
The first detailed account of mass
murder to reach the West.
The Riegner Telegram
August 8, 1942
The first official source of information
regarding the mass murder of the Jews.
The report, prepared by the Bund
(Jewish socialist party) leadership in
Poland, said that the Germans had
“embarked on the physical
extermination of the Jewish
population on Polish soil.”
The number of victims was
estimated at 700,000.
Telegram from Sidney Silverman to
Stephen S. Wise, August 29, 1942.
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
September 25, 1941
The Bergson Group: 1942/43
We Will Never Die Pageant: March 9, 1943
A pageant produced by the Bergson Group as a
“Mass memorial dedicated to the two million Jewish dead of Europe.”
“We Will Never Die” program cover, 1943.
Artwork: Tears of Rage by Arthur Szyk
The mass recitation of "Kaddish," the Jewish
memorial prayer for the dead, by hundreds of rabbis
in the final scene from "We Will Never Die."
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
April 29, 1941
Jan Karski
July 1943
War Refugee Board
January 22, 1944
Ruth Gruber, special envoy for the War Refugee Board,
with a group of Jewish DP’s, with whom she sailed
from Europe to the U.S.
Karski, an officer in the Polish underground,
reports to Roosevelt that 1.8 million Jews
had already been killed in Poland and that
in the next year and a half, the Jews of
Poland would “cease to exist.”
Photo by Ruth Gruber. Typical day on the ship Henry
Gibbins as it heads west across the Atlantic Ocean.
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
July 14, 1942
Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
Main Disinfection Building
U.S. Bombs
Gas Chamber IV & V
Gas Chamber II & III
Loot Storage Area
Transports
An aerial reconnaissance photograph of Auschwitz II (Birkenau) showing bombs intended for the
Buna Factory at Auschwitz III. These bombs hit their intended target and a number of strays actually
caused light damage at Auschwitz II. The location of the bombs in the photo indicate that it would
have been possible to have destroyed the gas chambers at Auschwitz II.
September 13, 1944
America & the Holocaust
The Nazis were the murderers, but we were the all too passive accomplices.
- David Wyman, Holocaust Scholar
• Antisemitism in the U.S.
Emergency Rescue Committee: May 1940
• The Bund Report: June 2, 1942
The Riegner Telegram: August 8, 1942
• The Bergson Group: 1942/43
• Jan Karski: July 1943
War Refugee Board: January 22, 1944
• Why Auschwitz Was Not Bombed?
• The New York Times
Theodor Seuss Geisel
October 1, 1941
The New York Times
 The Times deliberately de-emphasized
news of the Holocaust, reporting it in
isolated, inside stories.
 During the six years of World War II, The
New York Times published 1,186 stories
about what was happening to the Jews of
Europe; however, these stories only made
the front page 26 times out of 24,000
front-page stories,
The Times made a statement
with their editorial judgments.
Other news organizations took
their cues from The Times.
June 27, 1942
Monuments & Memorials
Yad Vashem:
Memorial
to the
Deportees
Janusc Korscak
Janusz Korczak
Square at Yad
Vashem,
The Warsaw Jewish
Cemetery.
Treblinka
Plaszow Memorial
Sculpture of Love and Anguish
Miami Beach, Florida
Shoes on the Danube Bank
Budapest, Hungary
Rosenstrasse Memorial
Berlin, Germany
Valley of the Communities
Yad Vashem / Jerusalem, Israel
Survivors
Photo by Becky Seitel, “Darkness Into Life” Exhibit
Nine of Birmingham’s Holocaust Survivors:
Ilse Nathan, Max Herzel, Ruth Siegler, Jack Bass, Henry Aizenman, Aisic Hirsch,
Martin Aaron, Riva Hirsch, Max Steinmetz
NON SEQUITUR
BY WILEY
The Children
“A Loss of Infinite Possibility”
“Listen, listen well to the tale
Of what they have seen
What they have gone through.
For you are the new spring
In the forrest of the world.”
Promise of a New Spring
by Gerda Weissmann Klein, Survivor
Chaim Hersh Kirschenbaum.
Both he and his mother perished
in Auschwitz.
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