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International Journal of Environmental Science and Toxicology ISSN: 9381-2418 Vol. 4 (1), pp. 146-153,
January, 2016. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
Full Length Research Paper
Composition and characterisation of household
hazardous wastes (HHW) in Woji Community, Port
Harcourt Nigeria
Akpofure Rim-Rukeh
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, College of Science, Department of Environmental Science,
P.M.B. 1221, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +234-8036831995; +234-8023289899.
Accepted 02 November, 2015
Abstract
The composition and characterization of Household hazardous waste (HHW) generated and disposd off in
Woji community, Port Harcourt have been studied. Research methodology was multi-dimensional in
approach involving the use of a face-to-face interview and the application of a well-structured questionnaire
to sixty randomly selected household. Demographic characteristics of respondents show that 71.67% were
males while 28.33% were females. 85% were married and 15% single. Respondents were between 21 and 60
years of age. A large proportion of the sampled population have the formal educational training. Modal
income bracket for the respondents was the N51, 000– 100,000 per month. The size of households in the
study area have the modal class of >6persons (66.67%). Twenty-two (22) types of HHW were identified in
the study area with plastics and nylon and other polythene products accounted for the highest HHW
generated in the area. All identified HHW showed characteristics of toxicity, corrosivity, reactivity and
ignitability. All respondents (100%) strongly agree that nylon and other polyethene materials and plastics,
insecticides, disinfectant, rat poison, weed killers etc can pose serious environmental problem if not
properly managed. Current management of domestic waste which is inclusive of HHW is a call for action.
Key words: Household hazardous wastes, waste generation, waste disposal, toxicity, corrosivity, Woji, Port
Harcourt.
INTRODUCTION
Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is
products produced for the market) for which the initial
user has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes
of production, transformation or consumption, and of
which he/she wants to dispose (USEPA, 2009). Based on
their effect on the biophysical environment, wastes can
be described as hazardous or non – hazardous.
Hazardous waste is any waste which by reason of their
chemical activity or toxic, explosive, ignitable, corrosive,
or other characteristics cause danger or likely will cause
danger to health or the environment, whether alone or
when coming into contact with other waste (Yakowitz,
1993). Hazardous waste is legally defined according to
the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA, 2005) as any discarded solid or liquid that
contains one or more of 39 carcinogenic, mutagenic, or
teratogenic compounds at levels that exceed established
limits (including many solvents, pesticides, and paint
strippers); catches fire easily (such as gasoline, paints,
and solvents); is reactive or unstable enough to explode
or release toxic fumes (including acids, bases, ammonia,
and chlorine bleach); or is capable of corroding metal
containers such as tanks, drums, and barrels (such as
industrial cleaning agents and oven and drain cleaners).
Hazardous wastes include heavy metals and toxic
chemicals used in industrial products and processes as
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Rim-Rukeh
146
well as infectious medical wastes and radioactive
materials such as spent nuclear fuel rods, acids (boric
acid, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, etc), bases
(ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide etc), Organics substances that are nonflammables (brake fluid, duplicator fluid, formaldehyde
solution, grease, paraffin oil, etc), Organics substances
that are flammables (acetone, ethanol, gasoline,
kerosene, naphtha, toluene, etc), Oxidizers (ammonium
nitrate, hypochlorite, fertilizers (nitrogen-base), etc,
Pesticides- DDT, fungicides, insect sprays, etc, Paints
(thinners, lacquer, turpentine, primers, epoxy paint,
varnish, oil base paint, solvent base etc), organic
solvents (1, 1, 1-Trichlorethane, Methylene Chloride,
Degreasing
Solvent,
Perchlorethylene,
Carbon
Tetrachloride, Carburetor Cleaner etc).
Hazardous wastes can be generated from residential and
industrial sources. If generated from the home, it is called
household hazardous waste (HHW). Household
hazardous waste (HHW) is a heterogeneous waste
category generated from homes and are ‗‗flammable,
corrosive, reactive, caustic, and toxic‘‘ (Kummer, 1994).
Some examples of HHW are household cleaners, home
maintenance materials, gardening products, medicines,
automobile products, biocides, batteries, aerosols of
various types, paint, certain detergents, personal care
products, wood preservatives, solvents, and electric and
electronic wastes (Dangi et al., 2011; Mbeng et al., 2010;
Slack et al., 2007; Yasuda and Tanaka, 2006).
In terms of quantity it has been reported that wastes
generated in the home represent two-thirds of all urban
wastes (Slack et al., 2005; OECD, 2001) and of this
amount HHW comprises of 0.5–5.0% (Slack et al., 2005).
Until recently, the presence and managementof domestic
waste did not present a serious problem for
environmental and human health. However, changes in
societal consumption habits and increases in urban
populations have provoked a notable increase in its
generation. In the flow of domestic waste, certain waste
exhibits characteristics that render it dangerous, such as
explosiveness, flammability, spontaneous combustion,
reactivity with water or air, acute and chronic toxicity, and
corrosiveness (Malandrakis, 2008;Yasuda and Tanaka,
2006; Zhang et al., 2008).
Studies have shown that the presence of HHW in
disposal sites can cause significant damage to human
health and the biophysical environment owing to its
innate characteristics (Buenrostro et al., 2007; Slack et
al., 2005, 2007). Despite the risk stemming from the
presence of HHW at disposal sites, data on the amounts
of HHW discarded are very limited (Dangi et al., 2011;
Slack et al., 2005). This has resulted to insufficient
information on HHW, which undermines the development
of municipal proposals to improve HHW treatment and
disposal. Accordingly, this study is purposed to determine
the composition and characteristics of HHW generated
and disposed off in the Woji community in Port Harcourt,
Rivers State of Nigeria. The outcome of this study will
serve as a starting point to policy makers in devising upto-date policies on the management of inorganic and
hazardous household waste by also taking into
consideration the generation rates of these types of
waste and potential savings from recovery of these
wastes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The study area is Woji community which is located in
Obio-Akpor Local Government Area within Port Harcourt
metropolis of Rivers State, Nigeria (Figure 1). In terms of
geographical coordinates Woji community is located
within Latitude 4° 47' 18" North and Longitude 7° 0' 3"
East. Port Harcourt is the administrative capital of Rivers
State in Nigeria. It has area coverage of about 12,000Ha
(NDDC, 2003). The population of the area is estimated
at 5,600,000 (NPC, 2006).The city is a fast growing urban
centre and has been described as one of the fastest
growing city in the world with a number of industries such
as Notore Fertilizer Company of Nigeria, Eleme
Petrochemicals Company Limited, Port Harcourt Refining
Company Limited, Shell Petroleum and Development
Company etc (World Bank Report, 1988).
The choice of Woji Community for the study is based on
the fact that the community is rapidly undergoing
urbanization and development characterise with changes
in lifestyle and increasing population. The application of
consumption patterns and life-style influence on the rate
of household‘s waste generation have been reported (Liu
et al., 2005).
Previous study of the meteorology of the area (Gobo,
1998) reveals the average atmospheric temperature to be
o
o
25.50 C in the rainy season and 30.0 C in the dry
season. The daily relative humidity values range from
55.50% in dry season to 96% in rainy season. Rainfall in
the area averages 2500mm annually. The rainfall pattern
shows two identifiable seasons; the rainy season (April to
October) and the relatively short dry season (November
to March).
Current Solid Waste Management Practice in the
Study Area
The agency charged with the responsibility of the
management of urban solid waste in the study area is
Rivers State Waste Management Authority (RIWAMA).
For the purpose of collection, transfer and management
of solid waste within Port Harcourt metropolis, the area is
divided into 65 zones of which Woji community falls under
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Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
Figure 1. Map of Rivers State showing Obio-Akpor LGA.
Zone 49. In each zone, there are about 10 designated
centers (usually located at street junction or by the sides
of the roads) and in most cases, there are no bins or
hoppers, the wastes are left on the ground. Each zone is
served by a collection contractor and in this case (Ajayi
Environmental Solutions) which comprises of 1 driver and
between 10 to 15 workers. Each collection contractor has
a 10 cubic metre open truck. Collection is done daily from
6.00pm to 6.00am.
There is no specialized enterprise in charge of the
collection, transfer and management of household
hazardous waste in Woji community in particular and Port
Harcourt city at large. Household hazardous wastes are
generally collected, transfer and managed along with
household/domestic solid waste. All wastes generated in
the city are disposed off at the government approved
dump sites and buried in a careless and unplanned way.
Average daily waste (refuse) generated in Port Harcourt
ranged between 1,350 to 2,750 metric tons (RIWAMA,
2006). Composition of waste generated include; garbage
(41%), paper and plastics (35%), scrap metal and glass
(15%), construction waste
(4%), sludge (3%) and
expired chemical wastes and drugs (2%) (RIWAMA,
2006). However, only about 25% of the estimated 2,750
metric tons of the total solid waste generated daily are
collected. Over 75% discharged directly into gutters/
water bodies or allowed to be washed into gutters
especially after heavy rainfall.
Study Methodology
In the study area (Woji community), sixty (60) houshoulds
were randomly selected for the study. Household as used
in this context means one or more people who live in the
same dwelling and also share at meals or living
accommodation, and may consist of a single family or
some other grouping of people. The research
methodology was multi-dimensional in approach involving
the use of a face-to-face interview and the application of
a well-structured questionnaire. All interviews were with
adults aged 18 and over and interview time were
scheduled such that respondents are likely to be at
home. The survey was conducted in Woji Community
within the months of August and September 2014.
Questionnaire was administered for the purpose of
documenting HHW, their characteristics, awareness of
HHW on health, willingness to pay for waste segregation,
environment and quantification of HHW in Woji area of
Port Harcourt Metropolis. The contact and collect method
was used to administer and retrieve the questionnaires.
The questionnaire was developed to capture
the
objectives of the study. The questionnaire started with
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148
the assurrance of confidentiality, followed by the request
for respondents demographs. Interviews were carried out
among a cross section of respondents, with each
interview lasting around 30-40 minutes.
findings is above the average household size of 4.6
members (5 approximately) recorded across the state at the
last National Population and Housing Census (NPC, 2006).
Moreover, where the size of the household is large,
crowding also can lead to health problems (NPC, 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The demographic characteristics of the respondents are
similar to that reported for similar survey (Rim-Rukeh and
Ogbemi, 2013).
Demographics
HHW Composition
The response rate was 100% with 60 questionnaires
received. Respondents provided answers to all questions
or issued raised and no data was treated as missing
values. Details of demographic characteristics of
respondents are as presented in Table 1. In terms of sex,
71.67% of respondents were males while 28.33% were
females.This observation is consistent for households in
Nigeria where housholds are predominantly headed by
men (81%) and less than one in five (19%) are headed
by women (NPC, 2006). 85% of the respondents were
married and 15% single. Respondents were between 21
and 60 years old with the modal age bracket being
between 41 and 50 years.
Education is a key determinant of the lifestyle and
societal status an individual enjoys. Studies have
consistently shown that educational attainment has a
strong effect on health behaviour and attitudes (Chokor,
1988). A large proportion of the sampled population has
the formal educational training indicating a sufficiently
literate society. The common classes of educational
attainment among the sampled population are primary,
post primary and tertiary education. On average, 38.33%
of the sampled population has the post primary
(secondary) education. Another 11.67% has primary
education while some 15.0% claim to have tertiary
education. 35% of the respondents had university
education.
Income is an important variable that influences socioeconomic status of individuals and its distribution pattern
has the potential of influencing other demographic
variables. Income level determines the ability to meet
basic needs and provide information on the poverty rates
in the area. Responses from administered questionnaires
revealed that the modal income bracket for the
respondents was the N51, 000– 100,000 per month.
Other significant percentage responses were in the N31,
000 – 50,000 income bracket and (31.67%), N15, 00030,000 (30%). Common sources of income in the study
area; trading, civil service, business and contractors etc.
Household sizes vary from region to region, and between
male-headed
and
female-headed
households
(Appleton,1996). The size of households in the study
area have the modal class of >6persons (66.67%). This
implied that household sizes were generally very large.
This value compares well with a size of 6 estimated for
communities in Niger Delta (NDDC, 2006). Obtained
On the composition of the HHW, a checklist of twenty-two
(22) types of HHW was presented to the head of each
household and was asked to tick which of the HHW they
use and disposed off, their responses are as presented in
Table 2. The selected HHW is similar to that reported in
literature (Gomez, et al, 2008). From Table 2, all
respondents (60) which represents 100% agreed that the
most common HHW used and disposed off are, plastics
and nylon and other polythene products and plastics.
This is followed by insecticides and rat poison that
accounted for 93.33% and 85.0% respectively. The least
HHW is wood preservatives which accounted for 3.33%.
This observation is closely related to household
consumption pattern as most products purchased from
the market and related places comes with a form of
packaging and nylon. Also, plastics together with
packaging materials and nylon form a huge bulk of the
wastes sent to open dumpsites (Babatunde, et al., 2014).
Insecticides and rat poison also consititute a greater
percentage of HHW. This may have resulted from the fact
that the study area is a developing one and a fast
growing community characterised with a lot of
construction and demolition activities. These activities
usually result in the blockage of water drainage system
and hence provides breeding ground for rats and
mosquitoes. Thus, the need for frequent purchase of
insecticides and rat poison to combat these organisms
that usually spread diseases.
Home cleaning products, aerosols, and automobile
products (fuel, grease and lubricants) also consititute
HHW of reasonably proportion. In the case of
automobiles, the generation can be attributed to the use
of generating sets at almost every home visited due to
the epileptic power supply in the locality. The frequent
usage of generating sets require the need for regular
maintenance work to keep them running smoothly thus
resulting in a higher disposal rate of the servicing
products especially with used motor oils. Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Household
(alkaline) batteries accounted for 63.33% and 28.33% of
HHW respectively. This percentage consists mainly of
heavy metal pollutants such as lead, nickel, cadmium
e.t.c., and these can result in generation of particulates
during burning at open dumpsites resulting in air pollution
and also contamination of surface and groundwater via
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Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of respondents.
Characteristics
Gender
Male
Female
Marital Status
Single
Married
Age
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Educational Status
Primary school
Secondary school
Tertiary (OND, HND)
Tertiary (University)
Income levels/Month
a)Less than N15,000
b) N15,00 to N30,000
c) N31,000 to N50,000
d)
N51,000
to
N100,000
e) Over N100,000
Numbers
per
household
1-3
4-6
>6
No.
(%)
43
17
71.67
28.33
9
51
15
85
8
14
27
11
13.33
23.33
45.00
18.34
Nil
7
23
9
11.67
38.33
15.00
21
35.00
3
5
18
30
19
31.67
20
-
33.33
-
6
14
40
10
23.33
66.67
automobile maintenanace (15%) (Slack, et al., 2004). In
United States of America, automobile maitenance (56%),
home maintenance (26%) and cleaning products (5%)
(Wolf and Kettler, 1997).
leaching of these heavy metals from the wastes.
However, obtained results in this study is not consistent
with related literature. For example, in Mexicali, which is
the capital city ofthe state of Baja California, cleaning
products make up the highest fraction of the HHW
(45.86%), personal care and beauty products (22%),
home maintenance products (10%) and automobile
maintenance products (10%) (Ojeda-Benitez et al.,
2013). In Mexico, personal care and beauty products
(26.6%), cleaning products (34.90%) and medicines
(15%) (Buenrostro. et al., 2007). In United Kingdom,
medicine (25%), home maintenance (17%) and
Waste Characterization
Characterization of hazardous waste is the first step to its
management especially in handling and transportation
(Slack, et al., 2005). Hazardous waste can be
characterise by reason of their chemical activity or toxic,
explosive, corrosive, or other characteristics that can
5
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150
Table 2. Responses on the Types of HH products used and disposed off.
S/No
Types of HH products
No of responses (60)
1
Toilet Cleaners
18
%
Responses
30
2
3
4
Disinfectants (eg dettol)
Bleach
Rug/Upholstery Cleaners
23
48
9
38.33
80
15
5
Shoe Polish/Sprays
37
61.67
6
7
8
9
5
12
16
39
8.33
20
26.67
65
10
11
12
13
Paints (Used/Rust)
Used (Black) Motor/Generator Oil
Brake Fluids
Fuel e.g., Kerosene, Gasoline or their
containers
Batteries e.g.; car, alkaline batteries
Herbicides (weed killer)
Rat Poisons e.g., ―Otapiapia‖
Children Toys
17
12
51
8
28.33
20
85
13.33
14
Insecticides e.g., Raid, Baygon
56
93.33
15
16
Plastics
Used needles,
blood-soaked cotton
wools, discarded lancets
Wood preservatives
Adhesives/Glue
Cosmetics (Hair Sprays, Body sprays,
Nail polish/Removers)
Nylon & Other polyethene
60
13
100
21.67
2
7
22
3.33
11.67
36.67
60
100
Used Medicines/drugs
Electronics e.g., CDs, cables,
Fluorescent lights/Light bulbs
22
38
36.67
63.33
17
18
19
20
21
22
wires,
cause danger or likely will cause danger to human health
or the environment, whether alone or when coming into
contact with other waste. Adopting Chaudhary and
Rachana, (2006) method of the HHW characterization,
identified HH products in this study were classified into
eight (8) categories showing their occurrence in
Households for easier interpretation of the obtained data
on HHW and this is presented in Table 3.
Results obtained showed that all identified HHW are
toxic, corrosive, reactive, ignitable and this is consistent
with other studies ((Buenrostro et al., 2007; Slack et al.,
2005, 2007).
of
respondents (100%) strongly agree that nylons and other
polyethene materials and plastics, insecticides, insect
repellants, disinfectant, rat poison, weed killers, repellant
powders etc can pose serious environmental problem if
not properly managed.This observation is consistent with
that reported for other cities in Nigeria (Ubachukwu et al,
2014; Sridhar and Hammed, 2014; Longe, et al., 2009).
This indicates that the waste management problem in
Nigeria is real. Respondents knowledge indicates that
they have better perception of environmental problems
and this is consistent with the observation that
environmental problems are better appreciated by those
that have direct effects of such problems (Chokor, 1988).
Awareness of the Environmental Effects of Improper
HHW Management
Willingness to make financial sacrifices for proper
management of HHW
When respondents were asked on their level of
awareness of the environmental nuisance posed by
improper management of HHW, their responses is as
presented in Table 4. Results indicate that 67.70% of
respondents strongly agree that used generator oil, used
motor oils, batteries, brake and transmission fluids can be
harmful to the environment if not properly managed. All
Behavioural intention in this study is described as the
willingness to act. The responses of respondents to
question or statement on their willingness to make
financial sacrifices for proper management especially as
it concerns source segregation, their respones is as pres-
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Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.
Table 3. Distribution of HHW and their Hazardous Characteristics.
S/No
1
Categories of HHW
Personal care and beautyproducts
Cosmetics, aerosols, shoe cleaners, hair dyes,
nail polish remover
Automobile maintenance Gasoline, motor oils,
antifreeze, wax and car cleaning products,
batteries, brake andtransmission fluids
Electronics e.g., CDs, cables, wires,
Fluorescent lights/Light bulbs
Insecticides, insect repellants, rat poison,
weed killers, repellant powders and anti-flea
collars,
mothballs,
disinfectants,
wood
preservatives
Home maintenance Paint, varnish, thinner,
paint remover and varnish, adhesives,
solvents
Cleaning products Liquids and wax for
polishing furniture, clog removers, bathroom
cleaners, oven cleaners,stain-remover liquids,
bleach, ammonium
Medicines Pills, ointments, syrups, and other
expired medicines
Nylon & Other polyethene and Plastics
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Characterization
Ignitable, Toxic
Percentage of Occurrences (%)
17.81
Ignitable, Corrosive, Toxic
14.1
Toxic
6.83
Corrosive, Toxic, Ignitable
14.88
Ignitable, corrosive, Toxic
7.25
Ignitable, Toxic, corrosive
5.8
Toxic, Corrosive, Reactive,
Ignitable
Ignitable
9.73
23.60
Table 4. Level of Respondents‘s Awareness of HHW.
S/N
Variables
1
Used generator oil, used motor oils, batteries,
brake andtransmission fluidscan be harmful to the
environment if not used properlymanaged
Nylons and other packaging materials and
plastics can pose serious environmental problem
if not properly management.
Home-cleaning products can be harmful to
environment if not disposed properly
Medicines pills, ointments, syrups, and other
expired medicines can be harmful to human
health if not usedproperly managed.
Insecticides, insect repellants, disinfectant, rat
poison, weed killers, repellant powders etc can be
harmful to human health if not usedproperly
managed.
Are you aware that electric wastes such as used
fluorescent tube can be harmful to the
environment if not properly managed.
2
3
4
5
6
ented in Table 5. Results indicate that 78.33% of
respondents are not willing to make financial sacrifices.
Their perception was that waste or refuse should be total
Levels of Awareness (%)
5
4
3
67.70
18.30
7.33
2
4.67
1
2.00
100
-
-
-
-
22.10
18.90
16.00
35.30
7.70
100
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
-
-
14.60
11.40
9.30
36.70
28.00
responsibilities of government. However, few individuals
(6.67%) who appreciated the waste problem as a serous
threat to human existence evidently saw the need to com-
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152
Table 5. Willingness to make financial sacrifices for environmental protection.
Response category
No.
%
Strongly agree
-
-
Agree
4
6.67
Slightly agree
-
-
Slightly disagree
-
-
Disagree
9
15
Strongly disagree
47
78.33
Total
60
100.00
mit finances towards solving the waste problem.
Gomez G,Meneses M, Ballinas L Castells F (2008).
Characterization ofurban solid waste in Chihuahua
Mexico.Waste Management28: 2465–2471.
Kummer K (1994). Transboundary Movements of
HazardousWastes at the Interface of Environment and
Trade (Geneva:UNEP Environment and Trade Series
#7)
Liu X, Miller GY McNamara PE (2005). Impacts of Waste
from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on
Water Quality. Agricultural Application. 37:565-575.
LongeEO,Longe, OO, Ukpebor EF (2009). Peoples
Perception On Household Solid Waste Management In
Ojo Local Government Area In Nigeria. Iran. J. Environ.
Health. Sci. Eng.,6 (3): 201-208.
Malandrakis GN (2008). Children‘s understandings
related
to
hazardous
householditems
and
waste.Environmental Education Research 14: 579–
601.
Mbeng L, Phillips P Roy F. (2010). Managing hazardous
components inhousehold waste in developing
countries—lessons learnt from communitycomposting
in Cameroon. The Journal of Solid Waste
Technologyand Management 36: 153–163.
Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) (2003).
Environment and Hydrology Study Report 1: 60-136.
National Population Commission (NPC) (2006) Final
Results of Rivers State.
OECD. Sector case studies: household energy and water
consumptionand
waste
generation:
trends,
environmental
impactsand
policy
responses.
(ENV/EPOC/WPNEP(2001)15/FINAL)Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentEnvironment
Directorate
1999–2001
Programme
on
SustainableDevelopment.Paris, France7 OECD; 2001:
56–83.
Ojeda-Benitez S,Quetzalli AV, Paul TG and Samantha
ECS (2013).Household hazardous wastes as a
potential source of pollution: A generation study. Waste
Management and Research31(12):1279–1284
The Rivers State Waste Management Authority
(RIWAMA) (2006). Waste generation statistics
publications.
CONCLUSION
Twenty-two (22) types of HHW have been identified in
Woji community of Port Harcourt Metropolis. Bulk of
HHW generated at the level of household in Woji can be
categorised as toxic, corrosive, reactive and ignitable.
Rivers State Waste Management Agency RIWAMA
manages domestic waste from households and there is
no provision for HHW management. In view of the
environmental consequences posed by improper
management of HHW, facilities for proper collection and
disposal of HHW should be provided by Government.
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