Download Section 3 Democracy and Greece`s Golden Age

Chapter 5 Classical Greece 2000 B.C.-300 B.C.
Opener: Classical Greece, 2000 B.C.-300 B.C. The history and culture of Greece has a significant impact
on the modern world.
Section 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea
Opener: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea. The roots of Greek culture are based on the
interaction of the _________________, ____________, and _________________ cultures.
I. Geography Shapes Greek Life
A. Ancient Greece
1. Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people live
2. Includes _____________________and about _______________________
B. The Sea
1. The sea shapes Greek civilization
2. Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage _________________________________
C. The Land
1. ________________________ slow travel, divide land into regions
2. Lack of __________________leads to small populations, need for ______________
D. The Climate
1. _______________________ climate promotes outdoor life
2. Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside
II. Mycenaean Civilization Develops
A. Origins
1. _____________________________----Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland
in 2000 B.C
2. Took their name from their leading city, ___________________
3. Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from ___________________B.C.
B. Contact with Minoans
1. After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt _________________________________________
C. The ______________ War
1. Trojan War-fought by Mycenaeans against city of _____________________________.
2. Once thought to be fictional, archaeological evidence has been found
III. Greek Culture Declines Under Dorians
A. __________________ Replace Mycenaeans
1. Mycenaean civilization collapses around 1200 B.C.
2. Dorians-possibly relatives of Bronze Age Greeks-move into Greece
3. Less Advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave _____________________________
B. Epics of Homer
1. Oral tradition grows, especially epics of _____________-a blind storyteller
2. ________________-a narrative poem about heroic deeds
3. Homer’s epic the _________, about the _________________, shows Greek heroic ideal
C. Greeks Create Myths
1. Greeks develop their own myths-traditional stories about ___________________
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Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths
Greeks attribute human qualities-love, hate, jealousy-to their gods
_________, ruler of Gods, lives on_______________________ with his wife,________
Zeus’s daughter __________________ is goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities
Section 2 Warring City-States
Opener: Warring-City States. The growth of city-states in Greece lead to the development of
several political systems, including democracy.
I. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
A. The City-State
1. By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or ____________, is the formal government
2. A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50 to 500 square miles
3. Population of a city-state is often less than ___________________
4. Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis-_________________________
B. Greek Political Structures
1. City-states have different forms of government
2. ________________-rule by a king; ______________________-rule by nobility
3. ___________________-rule by small group of powerful merchants and artisans
C. Tyrants Seize Power
1. Rulers and common people clash in many city-states
2. Tyrants-nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people
3. They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people
II. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
A. Building a Democracy
1. About 621 B.C., democracy-rule by the people-develops in ________________
2. Nobleman, _____________, develops legal code based on equality of citizens
3. Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens make laws
4. Only ___________________________________________________are citizens
B. Athenian Education
1. Schooling only for sons of wealthy families
2. Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household
III. Sparta Builds a Military State
A. A Unique City-State
1. _____________, isolated from much of Greece, builds ___________state
B. Sparta Dominates Messenians
1. Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers __________________
2. Messenians become _______________-peasants forced to farm the land
3. Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a stronger state
C. Sparta’s Government and Society
1. Sparta government has four branches; citizens elect officials
2. Three social classes: citizens, free noncitizens, helots-slaves
D. Spartan Daily Life
1. Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom
2. Sparta has the most powerful_____________ in Greece
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3. Males move into barracks at age ___, train until _____, serve until____
4. Girls receive some military training and live hardy lives
5. Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else
IV. The Persian Wars
A. A New Kind of Army Emerges
1. Cheaper ______replaces _______________, making arms and armor cheaper
2. Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes
3. __________________-feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields
B. Battle at ______________________
1. Persian Wars-between Greece and Persian Empire-begin in__________
2. Persian army attacks Athens, is defeated at Marathon in ________ B.C.
C. Pheidippides Brings News
1. Runner Pheidippides races to _____________ to announce Greek victory
(about ______miles away)
D. Thermopylae and Salamis
1. In ______ B.C., Persian launch new invasion of Greece
2. Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians
3. Greek forces hold ________________________ for three days before retreating
4. Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of ___________________
5. Victories at Salamis and Plataea force____________________ retreat
6. Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians
E. Consequences of _______________________________
1. New self-confidence in Greece due to victory
2. Athens emerges as leader of Delian League
3. Athens controls the league by using force against opponents
4. League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire
5. Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens
Section 3 Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Section Opener: Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age. _________________________
principles and ________________________ culture flourish during Greece’s golden age.
I. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
A. ________________ as Leader
1. Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected __________________
2. Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.
B. Stronger Democracy
1. Pericles hires more public officials; creates __________________________
2. Direct democracy-citizens rule directly, not through representatives
C. ________________ Empire
1. Takes over Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian _____________
2. Sparta and other cities resent ___________________power
D. Glorifying Athens
1. Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to _________________ Athens
II. Glorious Art and Architecture
A. Architecture and Sculpture
1. Pericles builds the ________________- a large temple to honor goddess Athena
2. Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30-foot statue of____________________
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3. Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures
4. Classical art-values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty
III. Drama and History
A. Tragedy and Comedy
1. Greeks invent ________________ as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry
2. Two forms of drama: ______________and _____________________
3. Tragedy-tells story of heroes’ downfall: themes of _______________________
4. Comedy-makes fun of politics and respected people; ______________________
5. Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes
B. History
1. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past events
IV. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
A. War Begins
1. 431 B.C. city-states __________and _____________at War-Peloponnesian War
B. _____________________________War
1. Sparta has better _______________, Athens has better _________________
2. Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many-including ____________
3. Sparta and Athens sign truce in __________B.C.
C. Sparta Gains Victory
1. 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks _______________; is defeated in 413 B.C.
2. Athens and allies surrender to ______________in 404 B.C.
V. Philosophers Search for Truth
A. Rise of Great Philosophers
1. After the war, rise of philosophers-___________________, “lovers of wisdom”
2. Believe universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws
3. People could understand these laws through logic, reason
4. Sophist philosopher Protagoras questions the existence of Greek gods
B. ________________
1. Socrates-believes in questioning, self-examination of values, actions
2. Convicted of corrupting young people; sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
C. Plato
1. __________---student of ______________; writes The Republic-an ideal society
2. In 387 B.C., establishes Athens school, the Academy; lasts 900 years
3. His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years
D. Aristotle
1. Aristotle---student of ______________; uses rules of __________ for argument
2. His work provides the basis for _________________________, still used today
3. Tutors 13 year old prince who becomes________________________________
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Section 4 Alexander’s Empire
Section Opener: Alexander’s Empire. Alexander the Great conquers _______________and
___________ and extends his empire to the Indus River in northwest ________________________.
I. _________________ Builds Macedonian Power
A. Macedonia
1. ___________________-kingdom of mountain villages north of Greece
2. ____________________-ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece
3. Macedonians call themselves Greek; rest of Greece ___________________
B. Philip’s Army
1. Philip creates well-trained professional ____________; plans to invade_______
C. Conquest of Greece
1. 338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece; 336 B.C. _________________ murdered
2. His son named king of Macedonia-becomes _____________________________
II. Alexander Defeats Persia
A. Alexander’s Early Life
1. Tutored by ________________; inspired by the Iliad; has____________training
2. Becomes king when 20 years old; destroys _____________ to curb rebellion
B. Invasion of Persia
1. 334 B.C. Alexander invades __________; quick victory at ____________ River
2. ____________________-king of Persia, assembles army of 50,000-75,000 men
3. Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to __________
C. Conquering the Persian Empire
1. Alexander marches into ___________, crowned _______________ in 332 B.C.
2. At Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats Persians again
3. Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis
4. _______________________, the Persian capital, burned to the ground
5. Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of _____________________Empire
III. Alexander’s Other Conquests
A. Alexander in____________________
1. Alexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to India
2. Alexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C.
3. Reluctantly returns to Babylon, dies in _________ B.C.
B. Alexander’s Legacy
1. Alexander melds ____________ and _____________cultures; wife is Persian
2. Empire becomes three kingdoms:
1. Macedonia, Greek-city states
2. Egypt
3. old Persia, also known as Seleucid Kingdom
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Section 5 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
Section Opener: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture. __________________culture, a blend of
Greek and other influences, flourishes throughout Greece, Egypt, and Asia.
I. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
A. Cultural Blending
1. Result of Alexander’s policies-a new vibrant culture
2. Hellenistic culture-Greek blended with _________________________________
B. Trade and Cultural Diversity
1. ___________________-Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization
C. Alexandria’s Attractions
1. Lighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tall
2. Museum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, a dining hall
3. Library holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholars
II. Science and Technology
A. Alexandria’s Scholars
1. Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the ___________________
B. Astronomy
1. Astronomer Aristarchus proves_________is larger than Earth
2. Proposes planets revolve around sun; not accepted for ______ centuries
3. Eratosthenes uses ___________________ to calculate Earth’s circumference
C. Mathematics and Physics
1. ________________-mathematician; Elements the basics for course
in________________
2. __________________-scientist; ideas help build force pump and steam engine
III. Philosophy and Art
A. Stoicism and Epicureanism
1. Zeno founds Stoic school; promoted virtuous, simple lives
2. Epicurus believes people should focus on what senses perceive
B. Realism in Sculpture
1. ___________________________-Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall
2. Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; ___________________
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