Download Peru`s Challenges in Higher Education

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2015/ISOM/SYM/007
Session II
Peru’s Challenges in Higher Education
Submitted by: Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University
Symposium on 2016 APEC Priorities
Lima, Peru
10 December 2015
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC
Symposium on APEC Priorities
Peru’s challenges in
higher education
Fernando Villarán
Dean of the Engineering and Management School
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University
December 10, 2015
Issues
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Macroecomic success
Remaining structural problems
Productivity
Informality
The higher education sector
Government of Peru Programs
1
Macroeconomic success
Peru’s Per
capita
income
Growth
1961-1990
and
1990-2013
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
2
Peru’s very
low
inflation
(real and
expected)
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
Peru’s
excelent
results in
poverty
reduction
2000-2013
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
3
Poverty and Extreme Poverty evolution
in the last years
Population in poverty in 1990: 58%
(35 points reduction)
Population in Extreme Poverty: 20%
(16 puntos reduction)
Peru’s
reduction
of
inequality
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
4
In the other hand, the same document
from the World Bank concludes that
Peru has 4 major problems that limit
it’s future growth:
1. Insufficient infrastructure
2. Narrow export diversification
3. Large informal sector
4. General low productivity
Peru’s insufficient infraestructure
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
5
Peru has become a mining country:
Mineral and oil exports went from
53% in 1990 to 68% in 2013
Source: “Create to Grow”, CONCYTEC.2014
Size of the
Informal Sector
as % of GDP
2007
Previous studies on Informal Sector:
1. Hernando de Soto (1986),
1980-1986: 55% of GDP
2. Schneider (2000)
1989-1990: 44% of GDP
3. Loayza (1997)
1990-1993: 57.4% of GDP
Source: “Producción y empleo informal en el Perú”,
INEI, Lima, 2014 (with the technical support of IRD of France
6
Informal employment in Perú
2007: 79%
Informal Employment in the
Informal sector
Informal Employment in the
Formal sector
This is the new
discovery
Formal Employment
Labor informality is found mainly
in the micro and small scale enterprises
7
The low productivity issue
Productivity by Industry
8
Productivity by size of firms
Productivity by sectors
9
Changes in productivity by sectors
2000 to 2011
¿Where does education enters here?
We are using Peter Drucker’s concept:
“Value is now created by
‘productivity’ and ‘innovation’, both
applications of knowledge to work”
10
The key of productivity is knowledge
and knowledge is education
The path for increasing productivity
massively is with high quality and
creative education
The expansion of higher education in Peru
Number of students
Source: Ricardo Cuenca-IEP
11
The growth of higher education
Number of universities
Fuente: Ricardo Cuenca-IEP
Relation between higher and technical
education 2008-2013 (Working force)
Fuente: La inadecuación ocupacional de los profesionales con educación superior-MTPE-2014
12
Low performance in
education indicators
Source: “Peru, Building on Success”, World Bank Report, Oct2015
Low investment in education and low
performance of higher education
• Public expenditure in education in Latin America (UNESCO), as a percentage of GDP
(2013 figures):
Venezuela
6,8%
Colombia
4,9%
Bolivia
6,4%
Chile
4,6%
Jamaica
6,3%
Uruguay
4,4%
Argentina
6,2%
Paraguay
4,3%
Brasil
5,8%
Perú
3,3%
México
5,1%
• In the QS Ranking of the best latin american universities, only 3 peruvian
universites appear in the first 100: (i) la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
(PUCP), 19th place; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), 60th
place and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), 64th place.
• Ahead of the PUCP comes: 8 Brasilian universities, 4 from Chile,, 2 from México, 2
from Argentina, and 2 from Colombia.
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Fortunately the Peruvian government
is reacting: has approved a new
University Law to boost quality, and is
rising investment in education (4% of
GDP in 2016)
The Government is also implementing new and massive programs:
• Grant 18: for low income students
• Credit 18: for the next tier of income
• Grants for post graduate studies abroad
• Quali Warma: food program for 3 million students
• Training programs for teachers
• Among others
Thank you
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