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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences
Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Original Article
TRADITIONALLY USING ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS IN
TAMIL NADU.
B.JAYAPRASAD, D.THAMAYANDHI and P.S.SHARAVANAN*
Department of Botany, Annamalai University
Chidamabaram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
E-mail id- [email protected]
Mobile No- 9443939852
Received 28 June 2011; accepted 22 July 2011
Abstract
Herbal medicine is gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin. The
herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have
been acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of medicine. The present article gives a brief idea
about diabetes mellitus and its treatment by using herbal remedies. A survey have been done in various place of Tamilnadu
and communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control diabetes.
List of those medicinal plants and their common name, botanical name, family and various uses has been discussed in this
article. This article may help the forth coming researcher’s work in diabetes.
© 2011 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key words: Antidiabetic, Medicinal plants, Traditional healers, Diabetes and its types.
Introduction:
In the last few years there has been an exponential growth
in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining
popularity both in developing and developed countries
because of their natural origin. Many traditional medicines
in use are derived from medicinal plants, minerals and
organic matter (7). Number of medicinal plants,
traditionally used for over 1000 years named rasayana are
present in herbal preparations of Indian traditional health
care systems (16). In Indian systems of medicine most
practitioners formulate and dispense their own recipes (17).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000
plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the
World. Among these 2,500 species are in India, out of
which 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large
scale. India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs and is
called as Botanical garden of the World (17 a). Ayurvedha
and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in
treatment of various human ailments. India has about
45,000 plant species and among them, several thousands
have been claimed to possess medicinal properties.
Research conducted in last few decades on plants
mentioned in ancient literature are used traditionally for
diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. It is estimated by
World Health Organization (WHO) that at least 80% of
human population rely on traditional systems of medicine
1
for their primary health needs and these systems are largely
medicinal plant based. The rich Indian plant wealth has
made a good contribution to the development of ancient
Materia Medica (11). Today traditional societies
throughout the World possesses a wealth of indigenous
knowledge which they have accumulated during prolonged
interactions with the nature, which remains fundamental to
their physical, spiritual and social well being (2). Ethno
botanists, throughout the World are busy to collect,
document and conserve the indigenous medicinal plants. In
the last two decades, many reports on medicinal plants used
to cure different common as well as severe diseases have
been published from the various states of India (1).
Diabetes:
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and
post prandial blood sugar levels. The global prevalence of
diabetes is estimated to increase from 4% in 1995 to 5.4%
by the year 2025. WHO has predicted that the major burden
will occur in developing countries. Studies conducted in
India in the last decade have highlighted that not only the
prevalence of diabetes high but also that it is increasing
rapidly in the urban population (15). It is estimated that
there are approximately 33 million adults with diabetes in
India. This number is likely to increase to 57.2 million by
the year 2025. Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
disorder resulting from either insulin insufficiency or
insulin dysfunction. Most of the food we eat is broken
down into simple sugar called glucose. This glucose is the
main source of fuel to get energy for the body. After
digestion the glucose reaches our blood stream where it is
available for body cells to utilize for energy. But insulin is
needed for the glucose to get into the cells. Insulin is a
hormone secreted by the pancreas. It is the duty of the
pancreas to secrete the adequate amount of insulin, to
transport glucose from blood into different cells of the
body. If the said pancreas does not produce enough insulin
or the produced insulin does not work properly, the glucose
cannot get into the body cells. So glucose stays in the
blood. This makes blood sugar level become high causing
diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism in
which a person has high blood sugar, either because the
body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do
not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood
sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria
(frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and
polyphagia (increased hunger).
Types of Diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes is sometimes called Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), immune-mediated or juvenileonset diabetes. It is caused by an auto-immune reaction
where the body’s defense system attacks the insulinproducing cells. This disease can affect people of any age,
but usually occurs in children or young adults. People with
this form of diabetes need injections of insulin every day in
order to control the levels of glucose in their blood.
Typeu2cdiabetes is sometimes called Non-Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset
diabetes, and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of
diabetes. It is characterized by insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency, either of which may be present
at the time that diabetes becomes clinically manifest. The
diagnosis of type 2 diabetes usually occurs after the age of
40 but can occur earlier, especially in populations with high
diabetes prevalence. It is characterized by insulin resistance
and impaired beta cell function.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes
consisting of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. It
develops in one among 25 pregnancies worldwide and is
associated with complications in the period immediately
before and after birth. GDM usually disappears after
pregnancy but women with GDM and their offspring are at
an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Approximately half of women with a history of GDM go
on to develop type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after
delivery.
Herbs for diabetes treatment are not new. Since ancient
times, plants and plant extracts were used to combat
diabetes. Though pathophysiology of diabetes remains to
be fully understood, experimental evidences suggest the
involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of diabetes
(10) and more importantly in the development of diabetic
complications (9). Free radicals are capable of damaging
cellular molecules, DNA, proteins and lipids leading
to altered cellular functions. Many recent studies reveal
2
that antioxidants capable of neutralizing free radicals are
effective in preventing experimentally induced diabetes in
animal models (12) as well as reducing the severity of
diabetic complications. For the development of diabetic
complications, the abnormalities produced in lipids and
proteins are the major etiologic factors. In diabetic patients,
extra-cellular and long lived proteins, such as elastin,
laminin, and collagen are the major targets of free radicals.
These proteins are modified to form glycoproteins due to
hyperglycemia. The modification of these proteins present
in tissues such as lens, vascular wall and basement
membranes are associated with the development of
complications
of
diabetes
such
as
cataracts,
microangiopathy, atherosclerosis and nephropathy (8).
During diabetes, lipoproteins are oxidized by free radicals.
There are also multiple abnormalities of lipoprotein
metabolism in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL),low
density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein
(HDL) in diabetes. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced due to
increased oxidative stress in diabetic condition. Apart from
this, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed
by non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. AGEs tend to
accumulate on long-lived molecules in tissues and generate
abnormalities in cell and tissue functions (6). In addition,
AGEs also contribute to increased vascular permeability in
both micro and macrovascular structures by binding to
specific macrophage receptors. This results in formation of
free radicals and endothelial dysfunction. AGEs are also
formed on nucleic acids and histones and may cause
mutations and altered gene expression. As diabetes is a
multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and
therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients
of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells
do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin,
patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of
those where cells do not respond to insulin many different
drugs are developed taking into consideration possible
disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. Although several
therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain
limitations due to high cost and side effects such as
development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal
disturbances, liver toxicity etc (5). Based on recent
advances and involvement of oxidative stress in
complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find
suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy. Medicinal
plants are being looked up once again for the treatment of
diabetes. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for
diabetes have been reported, although only a small number
of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to
assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some
herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal
models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization
Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that
traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. A
survey have been done in various place of tamilnadu and
communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and
Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control
diabetes. List of those medicinal plants are given in this
article.
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
Materials and method
In this article we have collected information from traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors all over Tamil nadu
regarding herbs that can control diabetes. List of those plants with their various therapeutic activity have been given below.
Vernacular
name
S.no
Botanical name
Family
Extracts of the
plant parts used
1.
Devil’s cotton
Abroma augusta
Stericulaceae
Young fruit
2.
Thuthi
Abutilon indicum
Malvaceae
Seeds
3.
Velvellam
Acacia leucophloea
Mimosaceae
Resin
4.
Nauruvi
Achyranthus aspera
Amaranthaceae
Root
5.
Aanaipuli
Actinodaphne hookeri
Amaranthaceae
Leaf
6.
Mayil kondai
Adiantum incisum
Adiantaceae
Whole plant
7.
Malati
Aganosma calycina
Apocynaceae
8.
Konda vagai
Albizia procera
Mimosaceae
Whole plant
Leaves,
Flower and Pod.
10.
Garlic
Allium sativum
Lilliaceae
Bulb
11.
Indian alder
Alnus nepalensis
Betulaceae
Stem bark
12.
Onion
Allium cepa
Lilliaceae
Bulb
13.
Sitharathai
Alpinia calcarata
Zingiberaceae
Root
14.
Periya elakkai
Amomum subulatum
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
15.
Gopuramthangi
Andrographis echioides
Acanthaceae
Whole plant
16.
Vellaikadamba
Anthocephalus
chinensis
Rubiaceae
Stem bark
17.
Nilavembu
Andrographis
paniculata
Acanthaceae
Leaf and seed
18.
Thalaisuruli
Aristolochia indica
Aristolochiaceae
Leaf
19.
Niirbrahmi
Bacopa monnieri
Scrophulariaceae
Whole plant
3
Local and therapeutic
uses
Uterine tonic,
Emmenagogue,
Urinary trouble and
Bronchitis.
Cough and
Fever.
Astringent,
Cough and
Inflammation.
Kidney stone,
Piles,
Haemorrhagia,
Diuretic and
Snake bite.
Diaphoretic,
Antipyretic and
Dysentry.
Asthma,
Antibiotic,
Spasmogenic and
Skin disease.
Bile disorder.
Liver disorder.
Anti-inflammatory,
Anticancer,
Rheumatism and
Bronchitis.
Hypoglycemic and
Spasmogenic.
Anti malarial,
Antirheumatic,
Antibacterial,
Appetizer and
Night blindness.
Skin disease,
Rheumatism and
Bronchitis.
Antifungal,
Stimulant and
Purgative.
Diuretic and
Jaundice.
Dyspepsia and
Anthelmentic.
Chikenguinea,
Swine flu and
Typhoid.
Liver disorder.
Tranquilizer,
Muscular relaxant,
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
20.
Calcutta cane
Bambusa nutans
Poaceae
Whole plant
21.
Janti
Barleria cristata
Acanthaceae
Whole plant
22
Hinjor
Barrington acutangula
Lecythidaceae
Root
23.
Kadalthengai
Barringtonia racemosa
Barringtoniaceae
Seed
24.
Indian Barberry
Berberis aristata
Berberidaceae
Root
25.
Jhallapustipa
Biophytum sensitivum
Oxalidaceae
Leaf
26.
Pissumar
Boenninghausenia
albiflora
Rutaceae
Whole plant
27.
Kungli
Boswellia serrata
Burseraceae
Stem and root
28.
Kottargovai
Casearia zeylanica
Samydaceae
Root
29.
Avaram
Cassia auriculata
Caesalpiniaceae
Seed
30.
Konnei
Cassia fistula
Caesalpiniaceae
Stem bark
31.
Sarakonrai
Cassia fistula
Caeslpinaceae
Bark
32
Mudakathan
Cardiospermum
halicabium
Sapindaceae
Leaf
Ponaavarai
Cassia siameae
Caesalpiniaceae
Tender leaves
34.
Nithyakalyani
Catharanthus roseus
Apocynaceae
Leaves and
flower
35.
Devadaru
Cedrus deodara
Pinaceae
Bark
36.
Carab tree
Ceratonia siliqua
Caesalpiniaceae
Pods
37.
Kovai
Coccinia grandis
Cucurbitaceaae
Fruit and leaf
33.
4
Antispasmodic,
Spasmogenic and
Anticancer.
Anticancer and
Hypoglycemic.
Anaemic,
Cough,
Inflammations and
Spasmogenic.
Cholera,
Tooth ache,
Liver trouble and
Antiprotozoal.
Insecticide,
Antimalarial and
Antidote.
Eye complaint,
Bile disorder and
Anticancer.
Antibacterial,
Rheumatism and
Ant excitement.
Insecticide,
Antibacterial and
Spasmogenic.
Epilepsy,
Leucoderma and
Snake bite.
Astringent,
Cathartic and Piles.
Astringent,
Skin disease,
Anthelmentic and
Opthalmia.
Purgative,
Skin disease,
Antiviral,
Anticancer and
Antifungal.
Diabetes and
Liver disorder.
Hypotensive,
Spasmolytic,
Depressant and
Antibacterial.
Purgative,
Intestinal worms and
Anticonvulsant.
Anticancer.
Anticancer,
Astringent and
Diarrhea.
Purgative and
Astringent.
Skin disease,
Fever and
Asthma.
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
38.
Maramaneal
Coscinium fenestratum
Menispermaceae
Stem
39.
Mavilangam
Cretaeva nurvala
Capparaceae
Root leaves
Bark flowers
40.
Kilu killupai
Nillapanaikilang
u
Crotalaria retusa
Fabaceae
Aerial parts.
Anti inflammatory,
Anodyne and
Ophthalmic.
Antilithic,
Anti-inflammatory and
Antiseptic.
Skin disease.
Curculigo orchiodes
Hypoxidaceae
Rhizome
Gastric Problem.
41.
42.
Jeeragam
Cuminum cyminum
Apiaceae
Seeds
43.
Mull Vellarikai
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbitaceae
Fruit
44.
Nilapani
Curculigo orchiodes
Hypoxdaceae
Whole plant
45.
Arugampull
Cynodon dacytylon
Poaceae
Grass
46.
Karungalli
Diospyras ebenum
Ebenaceae
Leaf
47.
48.
Punnukilangu
Kavalakodi
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea oppositifolia
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Aerial Parts
Whole plant
49.
Karisilangani
Eclipta alba
Asteraceae
Leaves and root
50.
Nellikai
Euphorbiaceae
Fruits
51.
Vellarugu
Gentianaceae
Leaf and seeds
Antioxidant.
52..
Maavilangam
Emblica officinalis
Enecostema
hyssopitolium
Eretaeva nurvala
Carminative,
Digestive and
Appetizer.
Whooping cough.
Filarial,
Venereal disease and
Anticancer.
Gastric ulcer,
Bleeding,
Convulsion,
Diuretic,
Skin disease and
Asthma.
Improves nutrition and
Appetizer.
Antifungal.
Skin disease.
Skin disease and
Eye problem.
Blood Purifier.
Capparaceae
Root
53.
Lavangam
Eugenia aromatic
54.
Thillai chedi
Excoecaria agallocha
Euphorbiaceae
Root
Skin disease.
Pain killer,
Carminative and
Anthelmentic.
Sores ,
Leprosy,
Anticancer,
Antibacterial and
Antiviral.
55.
Aalamaram
Ficus benghalensis
Moraceae
Leaf, root and
bark
56.
Vendhayam
Foeniculum vulgare
Apiaceae
Seeds
57.
Sarkarai kolli
Gymnema sylvestre
Asclepiadaceae
Leaves
58.
Sembaruthi
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Malvaceae
Flower
59.
Kudasapalai
Holarrhena pubscens
Apocynaceae
Seed
60.
61.
Dharbai pull
Pushkaramulam
Sarkaravalikilang
u
Imperata cylindrical
Inula racemosa
Poaceae
Asteraceae
Stem and Roots
Roots
Stomach disorder and
Cooling agent.
Diabetes and
Liver disorder.
Hair growth and
Increase memory.
Anthelmentic,
Diarrhea and
Skin disease.
Cooling agent.
Skin disease.
Ipomoea batatas
Convolvulaceae
Roots and tubers
Food supplement.
63.
Avarakai
Lablab purpureus
Fabaceae
Seeds
64.
Odhiya maram
Lannea coromandelica
Anacardiaceae
Bark
62.
5
Bark
Tooth aches.
Anticholesterolemic and
Antidote.
Anticancer,
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
65.
Aarakeerai
Marsilia quadrifilia
Myrsiliaceae
Leaves
66.
Vembu
Melia azadiracta
Meliaceae
Leaves
67..
Thotachurungi
Mimosa pudica
Mimosaceae
Leaf and stem
68.
Karuvepilai
Murraya koenigii
Rutaceae
Leaf and Bark
69.
Puunaikaalli
Mucena pruriens
Fabaceae
Leaves
70.
Sadhipathiri
Myristica fragrans
Myristicaceae
Seeds
71.
Jadhipathiri
Myristica fragrsans
Myristicaceae
Root
72.
Mahavilvam
Naringi crenulata
Rutaceae
Leaf
73.
Venthamarai
Nelumbium album
Nelumbonceae
Flower and leaf
74.
Pugayilai
Nicotiana tobacum
Solanaceae
Leaf
75.
Thulasi
Ocimum sanctum
Lamiaceae
Leaves
76.
Nayi thulasi
Ocimum americanum
Lamiaceae
Leaves
77.
Elumicham
thulasi
Ocimum gratissimum
Lamiaceae
Leaves
78.
Kasakasa
Papaver somniferum
Papaveraceae
Bark
79.
80.
81.
Peramutti
Keezhanelli
Devadaru
Pavonia colorata
Phyllanthus amarus
Pinus roxburghii
Malvaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Pinaceae
Root
Root and seeds
Leaf
82.
Thipilli
Piper longum
Piperaceae
Rhizome
83.
Siriyanangai
Polygala chinensis
Polygalaceae
Leaf
84.
Madhulai
Punica granatum
Puniceae
Leaf and fruit
husk
85.
Maasikai
Quercus infectoria
Fabaceae
Seed husk
86.
Kadal alinjil
Salacia chinensis
Hippocrateaceae
Leaf
87.
Sarkaraivembu
Scoparia dutcis
Scophularaceae
Leaf
88.
Paadhiri
Stereospermum
personatum
Bignoniaceae
Root
89.
90.
Thetrankottai
Naval
Strychnos potatotum
Syzigium cumini
Strchnaceae
Myrtaceae
Seeds
Seed and leaves
6
Narcotic,
Dyspepsia and
Gout.
Food supplement.
Stimulant,
Insecticide,
Leprosy and
Antibacterial.
Antidepressant and
Skin disease.
Hair growth and
Skin disease.
Parkinson’s disease,
Stimulates growth and
hormone.
Skin disease,
Aphrodisiac and
Rheumatism.
Antioxidant.
Body pain,
Colic and
Dysentery.
Abdominal cramps and
Bloody discharge.
Anesthetic.
Cough ,
Cold and
Fever.
Mosquito repellent
and Antibacterial.
Flavour.
Analgesic,
Anodyne and
Antitussive.
Apetizer.
Jaundice.
Stomach disorder.
Stomach ache and
Bronchitis.
Expectorant and
Stimulant.
Blood purifier and
Skin infection.
Wound and
Anti-inflammatory.
Rheumatism,
Gonorrhea and
Skin disease.
Cold fever,
Enteritis,
Beriberi and
Edema.
Antimicrobial,
Antipyretic and
Ear problem.
Increases body weight.
Food supplement
International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
91.
92.
93.
Thalisapathiri
Marudha maram
Thandrikai
Taxus baccata
Terminalia arjuna
Terminali bellnica
Taxaceae
Combretaceae
Combretaceae
seeds
Bark
Fruits
94.
Erumaikainjori
Tragia plukeneteii
Euphorbiaceae
Root
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
Sirunerungil
Sittirappadalai
Pulichan
Pineymaram
Ulundhu
Pasi payiru
Niirnochii
Amukran
Tribulus terrestris
Uraria picta
Uvaria narum
Vateria indica
Vigna mungo
Vigna radiate
Vitex trifolia
Withania somnifera
Zygophyllaceae
Fabaceae
Annonaceae
Dipetrocarpaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Verbenaceae
Solanaceae
103.
Maruloomathum
Xanthium strumarium
Asteraceae
104.
Makka solam
Zea mays
Poaceae
Seed
Whole Plant
Aerial Parts
Aerial Parts
Seeds
Seeds
Aerial Parts
Whole plant
Roots
Seeds
Styles
Inji
Zingiber officinale
Zingiberaceae
Rhizome
Ellandai
Ziziphus mauritiana
Rhamnaceae
Leaves
105.
RESULTS
All together, 105 plants belonging to 64 different families
have been documented for their Antidiabetic properties and
their other medicinal uses have been given. The collected
information’s are arranged in the alphabetic order of the
plant Botanical name with the local (or) common name,
family name and therapeutic use for each plant. Some of
these plants have been already mentioned in “Medicinal
plants in India (vol-1) (3), Dictionary of medicinal plants
(4), Poorvega maruthuva nool kalanjiyam (13) and
Antidiabetic medicinal plants of India” (14).
DISCUSSION
Among the plants used for the diabetes, Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz et al.,) Melia azadiracta (L.) Bacopa monnieri (L.)
and Achyranthus aspera (L.), seems to be most common
plants used to treat diabetes and are available everywhere.
Along with these Tragia plukenetii, Polygala chinensis and
Scoparia dulcis are the major traditional drugs used for
treating this disease. The detailed natural plants not only
used for the treatment of diabetes but also treated for other
ailments also.
The claims from the present survey need to be
subjected to phyto chemical studies in order to discover
their true potential, as it is very difficult to judge the
effectiveness of herbal medicine. The main purpose is not
to prescribe any remedies for any of the diseases but to
document the uses and draw the attention of
pharmacognosist,
botanist,
phytochemist
and
pharmacologist for further scientific research in this area.
CONCLUSION
Thus many different plants have been used individually or
in formulations for treatment of diabetes and its
complications. One of the major problems with this herbal
formulation is that the active ingredients are not well
defined. It is important to know the active component and
their molecular interaction, which will help to analyze
7
and Appetizer.
Cardiac remedy
Skin disease
Apetizer
Antitumor,
Antioxidant and
Anticancer.
Skin infection
Antibacterial
Stomach disorder
Skin disease
Food supplement
Food supplement
Cooling agent
Male infertility
Antispasmodic
Food supplement
Apetizer and
Stomach disorder.
Blood purifier
therapeutic efficacy of the product and also to standardize
the product. Efforts are now being made to investigate
mechanism of action of some of these plants using animal
models.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to
Dr.R.Panneerselvam, Professor and Head Department of
the Botany of Annamalai University for encouraging me in
research work. My hearty thanks to my research supervisor
Dr.P.S.Sharavanan Assistant Professor in Department of
Botany Annamalai University for his marvelous guidance
and constant encouragement.
My deep thanks to
Dr.Pulavar Vinayagam, Dr.B.Jayagowri BAMS and
Dr.Loganathan Ph.D, for timely help. I wish to express my
profound appreciation and sincere thanks to Mrs. Jayanthi
Balasubramanian, Mr. Chander, Mr.Ramakrishnan and all
the traditional healers who gave us these data’s. I extend
my thanks to Mr.Tamilkalaivendan, Mr. M.Balakrishnan
and S.Sabarinathan for their continues support.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared
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