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JCBPS;Section B; Feb.2015–Apr.2015, Vol. 5, No. 2; 1646-1655.
E- ISSN: 2249 –1929
Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online atwww.jcbsc.org
Section B: Biological Sciences
CODEN (USA): JCBPAT
Research Article
Macrofungi in Multistorey Agroforestry Systems in Mt.
Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
Maria Ellenita G. De Castro1* and Rich Milton R. Dulay2
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila
2
Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development, Department of Biological Sciences, College
of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz,
Nueva Ecija, 3120 Philippines
Received: 5 March 2015; Revised: 26 March 2015; Accepted: 29 March 2015
Abstract: This paper highlighted the different macrofungi in multistorey agroforestry
systems in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Specimens
were collected in August 2013 and identified and classified based on their micro- and
macro-morphological characteristics. A total of 20 species belonged to 17 genera and 15
families were listed and described in the taxonomic checklist. These were Agaricus
perfuscus, Auricularia auricula, Auricularia polytrica, Boletinellus sp., Cantharellus
infundibuliformis, Coprinus sp., Corticum sp., Crepidotus herbarun, Ganoderma
applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Geastrum triplex, Marasmius scorodinius,
Oudemansiella canarii, Lentinus tigrinus, Lentinus sajor-caju, Polystictus sp.,
Schizophyllum commune, Stereum sp., Tremella sp., and Termitomyces clypeatus. Among
the 15 families, Polyporaceae and Ganodermataceae were recorded as the most abundant
family. Most species were edible wood decaying fungi and some were non-edible and
remain unexploited. Therefore, multistorey agroforestry system in Mt. Makiling is a
natural habitat for a wide variety of valued macrofungi waiting to be harnessed for
several bio-potentialities.
Key words: Basidiomycetes, wood-rotting fungi, species checklist, morphological
taxonomy
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INTRODUCTION
Macrofungi are non-timber forest inhabitants that play crucial ecological roles and perform enormous
economical advantages for mankind. They act as effective source of essential nutrients such as
carbohydrates, proteins, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds that contribute to their
remarkable healthful benefits. Ecologically, macrofungi are indispensable partner of major timber species
through mycorrhizae and decompose relatively large quantities of dead organic matter that maintains soil
fertility1. Hence, macrofungi are vital components of the ecosystem that necessitates conservation and
protection.
The Philippines has diverse biological resources and remains one of the biodiversity hotspots in the
planet2. Many studies have conducted on the taxonomic identification and listing of wild macrofungi in
the entire country. For instance, in six Aeta tribal communities in Central Luzon, 53 macrofungi were
identified down to species level and 23 were identified down to genus level only3. In Mt. Malinao, Albay,
9 Tricholomataceae, 3 Coprinaceae, 2 Pluteaceae, and 1 Auriculariaceae species were recorded4 while Mt.
Apo in Mindanao had 25 genera and 87 species of basidiomycetes5.
Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve in Los Baños, Laguna is one of the best known biological areas in the
Philippines and a better one in the orient. In fact, it is considered as one of the most important research
haven for naturalists and environmentalists. One group of those organisms that naturally prosper inside
this majestic forest is the diverse species of fungi which either function as important decomposers,
parasites or beneficial symbionts to some Philippine dipterocarp and other important forest tree species.
Quimio6 estimated about 60% of the known Philippine fungi are found their origin in Mt. Makiling area,
and the most common belongs to Basidiomycota. This large group of many familiar macrofungi includes
toadstools, bracket fungi, fairy clubs, puffballs, stinkhorn, earthstars, bird’s nest fungi and jelly fungi, to
name a few. But due to the numerous potential benefits of macrofungi to mankind it has now been
subjected to major threat of extinction due to indiscriminate destruction of their natural habitat. Therefore,
it is essential to continually rescue wild mycological resources as source of cell lines for more sustained
research efforts towards their wise utilization and conservation. The last comprehensive report on
macrofungi listing was done by Militante and Tadiosa7 who identified 27 different wood-decaying species
of Basidiomycetes belonging to 15 genera including Ganoderma, Polystictus, Auricularia, Phellinus,
Polyporus, Fomes, Stereum, Poria, Daedalea, Hexagona, Lenzites, Hymenochaete, Trametes,
Schizophyllum, and Corticum. Since then, no recent report has been found on mycoflora of Mt. Makiling.
Hence, this study was necessarily carried out.
This present work aimed to survey, collect, and morphologically identify macrofungi that are naturally
growing in the multistorey agroforestry system in Mt. Makiling with wide variety of fungal species
particularly macrofungi. Herein, we provided a taxonomic listing of macrofungi that participate
significant roles in ecological balance and environmental conservation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site: The study was conducted in a coconut + lanzones based multistorey agroforestry system
situated at the foot of Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. A multistorey
agroforestry system is considered an ideal habitat for several macrofungi species since the environmental
conditions is very similar in a secondary growth forest. This is located south of Laguna de Bay and 50 km
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south of Metro Manila approximately between Latitude N 14° 9' Longitude E 121° 11' and altitude of
1,143 m. The temperature ranged from 20°C to 25°C, and the relative humidity was ranged from 70% to
75%. The forest is mainly lowland in type and has extensive forest cover.
Macrofungi Collection: Survey, inventory and collection of all basidiomycetes representatives were
done in the morning in the month of August 2013. Macrofungi were photo-documented in their natural
habitat. Aside from the wood-rotters, soil and leaf litter decomposing macrofungi were also considered.
Fruiting bodies were carefully collected using shovel obtaining part of the substrate to ensure that they
were not damaged. Collected specimens were properly labeled and individually placed in a box and
brought to the laboratory for identification. To preserve the collected samples, fleshy fruiting bodies were
pickled in 10% formalin solution while those wood rotters were air-dried for 3-5 days and placed in
specimens’ box. Specimens were deposited at the Department of Biology, College of Science, De La
Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines.
Morphological Characterization and Identification: Macrofungi were identified and taxonomically
classified using the standard procedure of Quimio6 and Tadiosa8. Morphometric data such as the different
features of the stipe, pileus, and gills of the fruiting bodies were gathered while spore shape, size and
color were observed. To verify the authenticity of the specimens, the expertise of Dr. Edwin Tadiosa of
the Mycology Department of the National Museum was sought. A taxonomic checklist of macrofungi of
Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve was prepared.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 20 macrofungi species were collected and identified from the multistorey agroforestry systems
in Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. These were classified to 15 families and 17 genera. Thirteen were
identified down to species level whereas 7 were identified down to genus level only. The family names
were alphabetically listed for their taxonomic checklist with description, edibility and substrate.
Agaricaceae
Agaricus perfuscus
Description : gills are pinkish when young turning brown with the purplish tinge when it
matures; with fairy rings 1 layer; succulent fruiting body
Edibility : edible
Substrate : decaying piece of wood (Fig. 1A)
Auriculariaceae
Auricularia auricular
Description : gelatinous reddish to brown when fresh, wavy ear-shaped
Edibility : edible
Substrate : rotten log (Fig. 1B)
Auricularia polytrica
Description : strongly convex dorsal surface, dark brown densely hairy pileus
Edibility : edible
Substrate : rotten log (Fig. 1C)
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Boletaceae
Boletinellus sp.
Description : succulent whitish-brownish circular pileus without gills, long narrow stipe
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : decaying piece of stem wood (Fig. 1D)
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellus infundibuliformis
Description : wavy brown to yellowish-brown succulent pileus with fine dark scales, gills buffbrown, lighter than cap with cross-veins
Edibility : edible
Substrate : log in advance stage of decomposition (Fig. 1E)
Coprinaceae
Coprinus sp.
Description : succulent scaly (young), black moist (mature) pileus, hollow stipe
Edibility : edible
Substrate : rotten log with some bryophyte species (Fig. 1F)
Corticiaceae
Corticum sp.
Description : simple smooth white-yellowish powdery structure
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : rotting piece of wood (Fig. 1G)
Crepidotaceae
Crepidotus herbarun
Description : round to kidney-shaped, smooth or hairy pileus with brown spores
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : living bark of a tree (Fig. 1H)
Ganodermataceae
Ganoderma applanatum
Description : white at first and turn dark red to brown, hard woody texture fruit body
Edibility : edible but not palatable
Substrate : rotten log (Fig. 1I)
Ganoderma lucidum
Description : shiny brown and leathery in texture, kidney-shaped fruit body with white margin at
young
Edibility : edible but not palatable
Substrate : rotten log (Fig. 1J)
Geastraceae
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Geastrum triplex
Description : onion-shaped at young and stellate at maturity due split exoperidium
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : dried leaves and other fallen debris of trees (Fig. 1K)
Marasmiaceae
Marasmius scorodinius
Description : small whitish colony of fruit bodies that grows at the edges of dead stump of a tree,
very thin and often corrugated pileus, typically convex to plain, the margin usually
incurved when young
Edibility : edible
Substrate : one end of a rotting log (Fig. 1L)
Oudemansiella canarii
Description : gray with white to rarely pale gray, felty patches from the rupture of a universal
veil of the pileus, and with ephemeral annulus at the stipe
Edibility : edible
Substrate : wood at early stage of decomposition (Fig. 1M)
Polyporaceae
Lentinus tigrinus
Description : grayish brown funnel-shaped with dark brown scales pileus, grayish yellow
tapering downward stipe
Edibility : edible
Substrate : dried leaves and other hardwood waste materials (Fig. 1N)
Lentinus sajor-caju
Description : grayish to brown leathery pileus with lamellate gills on lower surface and with a
well-developed central stipe
Edibility : edible
Substrate : rotten hardwood log (Fig. 1O)
Polystictus sp.
Description : small brown and thin leathery structure gregariously growing fruit body
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : dead wood and branches of hardwood trees (Fig. 1P)
Schizophyllaceae
Schizophyllum commune
Description : fan-shaped leathery, grayish to pinkish in color and hairy, gills edges radiating
from the point attachment of the pileus, split and curl backwards covering the entire
hymenium
Edibility : edible
Substrate : hardwood logs and branches (Fig. 1Q)
Stereaceae
Stereum sp.
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Description : thin leathery, waxy brown to dark yellow orange fruiting body that normally thrive
in deadline branches of a tree
Edibility : non-edible
Substrate : hardwood tress at advanced stage of decomposition (Fig. 1R)
Tremellaceae
Tremella sp.
Description : lobed or convoluted, 1.5-7 cm broad translucent fruiting body merging to form
larger patches
Edibility : edible but flavorless
Substrate : branches of hardwood trees (Fig. 1S)
Tricholomataceae
Termitomyces clypeatus
Description : umbo-shaped grayish to brown succulent pileus with pinkish spores
Edibility : edible
Substrate : soil near the termites mound as well as organic wastes (Fig. 1T)
The collected and identified species include Agaricus perfuscus, Auricularia auricula, Auricularia
polytrica, Boletinellus sp., Cantharellus infundibuliformis, Coprinus sp., Corticum sp., Crepidotus
herbarun, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Geastrum triplex, Marasmius scorodinius,
Oudemansiella canarii, Lentinus tigrinus, Lentinus sajor-caju, Polystictus sp., Schizophyllum commune,
Stereum sp., Tremella sp., and Termitomyces clypeatus (Figure 1). Most of these macrofungi were woodrotters which found favorably growing on the decaying or rotten forest woods and logs. Among the woodrotters, the most abundant species belong to family Ganodermataceae and Polyporaceae, indicating
ecological threat as silent killer to dipterocarps and other valuable forest trees. Similarly, the family
Polyporaceae was reported as the dominant macrofungi in six Aeta tribal communities in Tarlac,
Pampanga and Zambales3. Aside from the wood-rotter, some leaf litter decomposers such as Agaricus
perfuscus and Geastrum triplex and soil macrofungi like Corticum sp. and Termitomyces clypeatus were
also found present in the study site.
Previously, these macrofungi were also surveyed and identified in other forest areas in the Philippines
particularly in Central Luzon. For instance, Musngi et al.9 reported four species of Auricularia including
A. auricula, A. fuscossucinea, A. polytricha, A. tenuis, collected from the forested area of Central Luzon
State University campus in Nueva Ecija, which luxuriantly growing on rain tree (Samanea saman),
coconut (Cocos nucifera), ipil – ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), mahogany (Sweitenia mahogany), mango
(Mangifera indica) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Moreover, 12 species of wild edible mushrooms
were collected and identified from Mt. Bangcay, Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija. These includes Ganoderma
lucidum, Lentinus tigrinus, Volvariela volvacea, Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia auricula,
Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Coprinus comatus, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Dictyophora
indusiata, Coriolus sp., and were found growing on the decaying logs of ipil-ipil, bamboo, mango tree,
neem tree, guava tree, kakawate, melina tree, soil, rice straw and mungbean hull10. The survey and
identification conducted by Sibounnavong et al. 11 in Puncan, Carranglan, Nueva Ecija reported 7 species
namely Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Gloeoporus dichrous, Coltricia perennis, Trametes versicolor,
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Phellinus pini, Hobenbuebelia petaloides and Cantharellus minor. Tayamen et al.12 checklisted 6 species,
Volvariella volvacea, Auricularia polytricha, Schizophyllum commune, Mycena sp. Coprinus sp., and
Termitomyces sp., in Mt. Nagpale in Abucay, Bataan.
Interestingly, in this study, 14 identified macrofungi were noted as edible species. Recently, De Leon et
al.13 enumerated the list of macrofungi that are being utilized by the Aetas as source food. These were A.
auricula, A. polytricha, Calvatia sp., L. tigrinus, L. sajor-caju, Mycena sp., Pleurotus sp., S. commune, T.
clypeatus, T. robustus, Termitomyces sp. 1, Termitomyces sp. 2, and V. volvacea. Being edible, these
macrofungi could be used to alleviate problems on hunger and malnutrition, since they are very nutritious
and most importantly could provide an alternative remedy for various diseases. A number of Philippine
wild edible macrofungi have been investigated for their biological activities. Fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus
exhibited antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties while L. sajor-caju showed antihypertensive
activity14,15. Panaeolus antillarium and G. lucidum demonstrated effective antioxidant and aphrodisiac
activities, respectively16,17. On the other hand, 6 species were recorded as non-edible macrofungi namely
Boletinellus sp., Corticum sp., Crepidotus herbarun, Geastrum triplex, Polystictus sp., and Stereum sp.
Some of non-edible macrofungi could also display other potentialities, therefore, further evaluation of
these species must be considered in the future studies. For instance, they can be rich sources of toxic
substance for cancer treatment or be used as bio-indicators in the assessment of ecosystem health or as
agents of remediation of toxic pollutants.
Mushrooms are popular source of healthy food in the Philippines. Some species like A. auricula, A.
polytricha, P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus, P. systidiosus, and V. volvacea are sold at the local
markets which served as an alternative source of income for farmers and mushroom growers. They are
widely cultivated using the generated production technologies successfully established by mushroom
scientist and researchers. These unused species must be studied further for possible generation of
production technology and may eventually useful to mankind as food and medicine. Some of these
species may even be studied for their potential for bioremediation and environmental clean-up.
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C
D
E
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Maria Ellenita and Rich Milton
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Figure 1. Wild macrofungi in multistorey agroforestry systems in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve.
(A) Agaricus perfuscus, (B) Auricularia auricula, (C) Auricularia polytrica, (D) Boletinellus sp.,
(E) Cantharellus infundibuliformis, (F) Coprinus sp., (G) Corticum sp., (H) Crepidotus herbarun,
(I) Ganoderma applanatum, (J) Ganoderma lucidum, (K) Geastrum triplex, (L) Marasmius scorodinius,
(M) Oudemansiella canarii, (N) Lentinus tigrinus, (O) Lentinus sajor-caju, (P) Polystictus sp.,
(Q) Schizophyllum commune, (R) Stereum sp., (S) Tremella sp., (T) Termitomyces clypeatus.
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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the coconut + lanzones multistorey agroforestry considered in this study has diverse
mycological resources particularly macrofungi species which belonged to 15 families and 17 genera.
Polyporaceae and Ganodermataceae were the most abundant family. Most of them were edible wood
rotters and some were non-edible and remain unstudied. It is therefore anticipated that through this study,
harnessing the potential of these valued resources must be initiated in order to establish more species of
useful mushrooms in the Philippines.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Edwin Tadiosa of the Botany Division of the Philippine
National Museum for the identification of some of the collected macrofungi.
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Corresponding author: Maria Ellenita G. De Castro
Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Taft Avenue, Manila
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