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ISSN: 0974 - 0376
Save Nature to Survive
: Special issue, Vol. 1; 393- 399
QUARTERLY
www.theecoscan.in
WATER QUALITY PROFILING AND BIOMONITORING OF HATIA
DAM
Latika Sharan and Rekha Sinha
KEYWORDS
Biomonitoring
Limnological profile
Hatia Dam
Paper presented in 3rd International Conference on
Climate Change, Forest Resource and Environment
(ICCFRE, 2011)
December 09 - 11, 2011, Thiruvananthapuram,
organized by
Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Kerala
in association with
National Environmentalists Association, India
www.neaindia.org
393
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Save Nature to Survive
QUARTERLY
LATIKA SHARAN AND REKHA SINHA
Department of Botany, Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi - 834 001
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Hatia Dam, an important drinking water
source of Ranchi, has been investigated for
physicochemical profile of water and
biomonitoring has been done based on
microphytic community. The results show that
the water quality index (W. Q. I.) of the Dam
is near to potability standard. The W. Q. I.
was calculated to be 115.157 again normal
value 100.00. The results of biomoniforing
showed that the water body is oligotrophic in
nature and there is no obvious pollution stress
on the water body. The paper deals with
different aspects of diversity indeces and
assesses the status of the Dam.
INTRODUCTION
Biomonitoring is taken as a toolbox of techniques that can be used to keep a
check on the integrity (or ‘health’) of aquatic ecosystems. Organisms that live their
whole lives in water would not be present if conditions at any time during their
lives had been too poor to sustain them. They can thus provide information on
the environmental conditions that must have pertained in the water body since
they were born. In contrast, chemical analyses provide accurate measures of the
amounts of individual substances in the water, but this will reflect the conditions
in the river only at the instant of sampling. Thus biomonitoring methods provide
an integrated view of the state of an ecosystems and the quality of its water. Thus
biomonitoring provides an appealing tool for assessment of aquatic pollution
(Zhou, 2008; Sinha and Sharan, 2009; Sharan amd Sinha, 2010).
Biomonitoring may be used within a planning and management framework to
prioritize water quality problems for more stringent assessments and to document
“environmental recovery” following control action and rehabilitation activities.
Some of the advantages of biomonitoring for management over physico-chemical
and other type of studies are that the biological communities reflect overall
ecological integrity (i.e., chemical, physical, and biological integrity). Therefore,
biomonitoring results directly assess the status of a water body (Sinha and Sharan,
2008). Further biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors
and thus provide a broad measure of their aggregate impact. Communities also
integrate the stresses over time and provide an ecological measure of fluctuating
environmental conditions. From investment view point routine monitoring of
biological communities can be relatively inexpensive, particularly when compared
to the cost of assessing toxic pollutants, either chemically or with toxicity tests and
lastly the status of biological communities is of direct interest to the public as a
measure of a pollution free environment (Sharan and Sinha, 2010).
Keeping the reliability, importance as well as the paucity of information pertaining
to biomonitoring of aquatic systems of this region, the present work was taken up
on biomonitoring of Hatia Dam coupled with it limnological profiling resuting
nito assessment of water quality index.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
*Corresponding author
Study area
The experimental site Hatia Dam is located in the industrial campus of HEC,
Hatia, Ranchi. The area of the water body is 3763600 m2 and average depth is
approximately 11m. The study area experiences three distinct seasons i.e. summer,
rainy and winter. The water body does not have any inlet bringing polluted water
or effluent. The catchment area of the dam is comparatively clean and the water
body does not receive agricultural run off. The water body used as drinking water
source is the centre of water supply for a vast population of Ranchi.
394
WATER QUALITY AND BIOMONITORING
the value of qi the more polluted will be the water with ith
parameter.
Physico-chemical analysis
The analysis for physico-chemical characteristic of water was
done following the standard method given by APHA (1960),
Golterman (1969) and Trivedy and Goel (1984).
The exceptions to equation (1) are the quality rating for two
parameters viz. ph and dissolved oxygen, which require special
calculation. The permissible range of pH is 7.0 – 8.5.
Therefore, the quality rating equations becomes:
qpH = 100 [(VpH 7.0)/(8.5 – 7.0)]
……….…………..(2)
Where,
VpH = Value of pH – 7, means simply the numerical difference
between VpH and 7.0, ignoring its algebraic sign.
Some of the parameters were analysed in the field while most
of the parameters the samples were preserved using suitable
preservative indicated by Trivedi and Goel (1984). The whole
analysis was completed within 48h, A brief descrption is as
follows:
The air and water temperature was measured with an ordinary
mercury thermometer with an accuracy of 0.1ºC.
Equation (2) ensures that qpH = 0 for VpH = 7.0
The transparency was recorded as the depth upon which a
Secchi’s disc was visible, when lowered in water or was taken
out of water. pH was measured by using battery operated
single electrode portable pH meter (Toshniwal Model CI –
47). The conductivity was determined by a conductivity meter
(SYSTRONIX Model 3CI – 1).
The situation is slightly complicated in case of dissolved
oxygen, since, in contrast to other pollutants, the quality of
water is enhanced if it contains more dissolved oxygen.
Therefore, the quality rating qDO for this parameter has been
calculated from the equation:
………….(3)
qDO = 100 [(14.6/(14.6-5.0)-VDO/(14.6-5.0)]
Where,
VDO = values of dissolved oxygen.
In equation (3), 14.6 is the solubility of oxygen (in mg/L) in
distilled water at 0º and 5.0 mg/L is the standard for drinking
water. Equation (3) gives qDO = 0 when VDO = 14.6 mg/L
and qDO = 100 when VDO = 5.0 mg/L.
The dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler’s
method (Welch, 1952; Odum, 1971). The free carbon dioxide
and total alkalinity were obtained by titrating the sample against
0.1N hydrochloric acid and N/44 sodium hydroxide using
methyl orange and phenolphthalein indicators respectively.
Total suspended solids were estimated by reflexing the sample
with potassium dichromatrically by developing a color with
EDTA, sulphalinic acid and naphalamine hydrochloride
sodium acetate. Biochemical oxygen demand was measured
with the help of BOD incubator.
It is well known that the more harmful a given pollutant, the
smaller is its permissible values. So the ‘weights’ for various
water quality parameters are assumed to be inversely
proportional to be recommended standard for the
corresponding parameters i.e.
Wi = K/Si
…………. (4)
Where, Wi = unit weight for ith parameters.
and K = constant of proportionality.
The constant of proportionality is determined from the
condition:
10
Σ Wi=1
…………. (5)
i=1
For calculation of water quality index firstly subindex (SI)
corresponding the ith parameter is determined. These are given
by the product of the quality rating qi and the unit weight Wi
of the ith parameter, i.e.
(SI) I = qiwi
…………. (6)
The overall water quality index can be calculated by
aggregating these subindices (SI) I linearly, which is presented
as:
10
10
W.Q.I. = Σ (SI) i
Σ wi
i=1
i=1
10
= Σ qiwi
….…….. (7)
i=1
Phosphate was analysed colorimetrically by ammonium
molybdata – stannous chloride method and chlorides by
titrating the sample against silver nitrate using potassium
chromateas indicator. Calcium and magnesium were
measured by EDTA method using murexide and erichrome
black – T as indicator respectively.
Water quality index
The different parameter was again calculated following Ott
(1978) and Lohani (1981) for water quality index of the water
body.
The water quality index was calculated by taking annual mean
of recorded data and their standard values. The standard
values (permissible values of various pollutants) for the
drinking water, recommended by Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR). Some standard values which were not
available in ICMR standard were taken from the standards of
United States public health services (USPHS), World Health
organization (WHO) and Euoropean Economic Community
(EEC).
From observed values and standard values quality rating and
weightage were calculated.
The quality rating qi for ith water quality parameters (i = 1,
2……10) was obtained, in general, from the equation:
qi = 100 (Vi/Si)
………….(1)
where,
Vi = Values of ith parameter
Si = Standard of ith parameter
Equation (1) ensures that qi = 0 when a pollutant (the ith
parameter) is absent in water while qi = 100 if the value of this
parameter is just equal to its standard value. Thus the large
Biological analysis
For phytoplankton population 10L of water was filtered
through plankton net made up of bolting silk cloth (Trivedy
and Goel, 1986). The plankton samples were collected from
the dam near the surface between 8 to 10 a.m. for 12 months
period from January to December 2007 on sunny days.
Filtered phytoplankton samples were fixed and preserved in
4% formalin and the final volume was made to 10 mL by
395
LATIKA SHARAN AND REKHA SINHA
addition of distilled water. The algae were identified using the
keys provided by Prescott (1982), Desikachary (1959),
Randhawa (1959), Gandhi (1967), Philipose (1967) and
Gonzalves (1981). For counting phytoplankton a Sedgwick
Rafter Plankton Counting Cell was used and algal population
was counted as described by Trivedy and Goel (1984). The
population data was expressed as no/L.
temperature between 17. 0ºC to 30.0ºC. The value of
transparency reading was maximum 65.30 cm in December’07
while the lowest value was recorded as 51.70 cm in April’07.
As per pH values recorded during the present study the water
body was found to be a bit alkaline. The maximum and
minimum values of pH value in the year of study were 9.30 in
November and 7.20 in September.
Data analysis
From the basic biological data various pollution indices like
Shannon-Weiner index (Shannon and Weiner, 1949);
Simpson index (Simpson, 1949); Hurlbert index (Hurlburt,
1971); Margalef index (Margalef, 1968) evenness component
of the samples following Pielou (1966) were calculated to
qualify the water quality of the water body.
As presented in the Table 1 free carbon dioxide was not of
regular occurrence in the water body. It was recorded only in
five months of first year while in nine months of the second
year. The free carbondioxide values was maximum in the
months of August (3.20 mg/L) in year of study.
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water ranged from
8.20mg/L (Maximum in December) to 4.80mg/L (minimum in
August) during the period of study.
The expected number of species under ideal condition of the
habitat based on Broken Stick Model of Mac Arther (1957)
was calculated following Lloyd and Ghelardi (1968) and the
equitability component of diversity was calculated which is
supposed to be very sensitive measure of environmental
pollution or stress.
Conductivity value ranged from a minimum value 0.38 mho
in December’ 07 to a maximum 0.71 mho in June.
As presented in Table 1 December 07 was the month when
the lowest value of total alkalinity was recorded to be 98.20
mg/L and the highest value of the same was 200.80 mg/L in
July. Carbonate content was low during the study and was not
recorded in every month. Carbonate was found absent in
January, February, June July, August, September and
December. Carbonate content was maximum in June (33.08
mg/L) and minimum (3.50 mg/L) in November.
The method applied during the present study is routine survey
the various algal species occurring in the Dam, in order to
evaluate the biological health, or biological integrity, of the
resource surveyed. This type of survey is prepares the base of
biomonitoring or biosurveying.
Bicarbonate content was the main constituent to contribute to
the total alkalinity content. It varied from 91.08mg/L to 188.20
mg/L – the minimum and maximum values recorded in
December and July respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data recorded on the various physico - chemical
parameters of the Dam - water have been presented in different
tables. Table 1 embodies the minimum and average values of
different abiotc parameters observed during the years 2007.
The total suspended solids were found in considerable
concentration during rainy season.
Phosphate is one of the most important nutrients for the water
body and its concentration in water depends on the input
from various sources. The minimum concentration of
phosphate-P was 0.10 mg/L in the month of September and
The air temperature on the days of experiment fluctuated from
18.20ºC (December‘07) to 32. 0ºC (June‘07) during year. The
water temperature also fluctuated correlated with the air
Table 1: The minimum, maximum and average ±SD value of different abiotic parameters of water of Hatia Dam during 2007
Parameter
Minimum
Maximum
Mean ± SD
Air temperature (ºC)
Water temperature (ºC)
Transparency (CM)
pH
Conductivity (mho)
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
Free CO2(mg/L)
Total alkalinity (mg/L)
Carbonate (mg/L)
Bicarbonate (mg/L)
Total suspended solids (mg/L)
Phosphate (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
Silicate (mg/L)
Chloride (mg/L)
BOD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Sodium (mg/L)
Potassium (mg/L)
Calcium (mg/L)
Magnesium (mg/L)
18.20 Dec.
17.00 Dec.
51.70 Apr.
7.20 Sep.
0.38 Dec..
4.80 Jul.
1.80 Jun.
98.20 Dec.
3.50 Nov.
91.08 Dec.
74.83 Nov.
0.10 Sep.
0.08 Jul.
0.87 Apr.
39.80 Sep.
1.86 Nov.
03.23 Jan.
41.60 Dec.
12.00 Oct
18.26 Nov.
10.62 Nov.
32.00 Jun.
30.00 Jun.
65.30 Dec.
9.30 Nov.
0.71 Jun.
8.20 Dec.
3.20 Aug.
200.80 Jul.
33.08 Jun.
188.20 Jul.
85.00 Aug.
0.26 Feb.
0.12 Jun.
1.82 Jun.
56.60 May
8.62 Jun.
8.29 Jun.
54.33 Jun.
19.00 Jun.
23.25 Mar
16.21 Dec.
26.216±5.054
24.716±4.783
58.950±5.381
8.583±0.641
0.510±0.118
6.341±1.277
3.780±1.669
149.258±32.682
13.820±9.735
141.333±28.243
73.888±18.173
0.110±0.157
0.212±0.153
1.181±0.274
72.866±7.983
4.664±2.238
6.865±10.444
41.260±9.165
16.583±2.353
18.240±3.928
12.456±1.428
396
WATER QUALITY AND BIOMONITORING
Table 2: The Water quality index (W.Q.I.) of Hatia Dam during
2007
Parameter
Standard
Unit weight Wi
Parameter
subindex wiqi
pH
Alkalinity
Hardness
DO
BOD
COD
Chloride
Sodium
Postassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Total Solids
7.0-8.5
120.00
200.00
5.00
5.00
20.00
250.00
20.00
10.00
75.00
58.00
500.00
0.07164
0.00417
0.00167
0.10030
0.10030
0.02507
0.00200
0.02507
0.05015
0.00668
0.01003
0.00100
Σ wi = 0.32227
8.16690
0.55280
0.04258
7.32190
2.18210
6.96060
0.07233
2.31764
7.02100
0.16280
0.25300
0.05800
Σ wiqi = 35.11170
concentration, one of the important ions was 46.60 mg/L in
December which was its minimal quantity. The highest value
was 74.33 mg/L in June with average value 61.260 mg/L.
Potassium is another important monovalent ion to be found
in considerable concentration in water bodies. It was minimum
in October (12.00 mg/L) and maximum in June (19.00 mg/L)
with an average of 16.383 mg/L.
It is an important divalent ion encountered in water bodies with
considerable impact on water quality it was minimum in
November (18.26 mg/L) and maximum in March (23.25 mg/L).
Similar to calcium ion magnesium is also one of the important
chemical constituents to be determined for water quality
assessment. The lowest concentration of magnesium was
observed in the month of November, the value being 10.62
mg/L and the highest concentration was in December (16.21
mg/L).
N
W. Q.I. =Σwiqi/ Σ wi = 115.15716
i=1
Based on the physic-chemical profile the water quality index
was calculated and the value was found as 115.157.
the highest value was 0.26 mg/L in February.
In studies pertaining to assessment of health of water body
from potability view point generally a number of physicochemical parameters are used and measured. Each of all these
parameters depicts the condition of pollution separately in its
own respect. But virtually no attempt has been made so far to
obtain a result with regard to overall polluted condition.
Nitrate is another most important nutrient and has been
reported to influence the production of micro and
macrophytes. Nitrate was found 0.12 mg/L as maximum value
and 0.08 mg/L as minimum value in June and July respectively.
The minimum and maximum value of silicate concentration
in the study period were 0.87 mg/L and 1.82 mg/L in the
month of April and June respectively.
As an accurate and timely information on the quality of water
in necessary to shape a sound public policy and to implement
the quality improvement programmes efficiently one of the
most effective ways to communicate information on water
quality trends is with indices. A water quality index (W.Q.I.
>100) may be defined as a rating reflecting the composite
influence on overall quality, of a number of individual quality
characteristics of water quality parameters.
Moderate concentration of chloride content was observed
during both the years of study. The maximum and minimum
values in the year were 56.60 mg/L (May) and 39.80 mg/L
(September).
BOD is regarded as direct indicator of organic pollution as it
increases or decreases with the level of sewage or organic
pollutant load in water body. In general the unpolluted waters
should be devoid of BOD and if present should be in very low
quantity. The minimum concentration of BOD during the
present study was 1.86 mg/L in the months of November while
the maximum values were recorded in the month of June.
The water quality index in other words quantifies the pollution
level in physic-chemical terms. Following the method of water
quality calculation some physico-chemical parameters were
considered. The result after calculation have been presented
in Table 2.
03.23 mg/L in January and 8.29 mg/L in June were the minimum
and maximum and values recorded for chemical oxygen
demand in the year.
The value of W.Q.I. is slightly higher than the normal value.
From this calculation on the basis of water chemical features
the water body is still almost unpolluted but heading towards
polluted condition.
The monovalent and divalent ions play important role in
determining the tropic status of a water body. The sodium
It is well established that the plankton community, on which
Table 3: Actual number of species, their abundance, expected number of species and their occurrence during 2007 in Hatia Dam
Jan 2007
Feb 2007
Mar 2007
Apr 2007
May 2007
Jun 2007
July 2007
Aug 2007
Sep 2007
Oct 2007
Nov 2007
Dec 2007
No. of sp.
found
Total
population
S:N
Minimum
number
Maximum
number
Expected
no. of spices
Equitability
26
26
34
35
34
43
19
18
25
41
16
18
91
89
114
124
143
140
81
50
82
152
48
49
0.285
0.292
0.298
0.282
0.237
0.307
0.234
0.360
0.304
0.269
0.333
0.367
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55
57
59
72
71
63
56
25
45
85
22
20
12
11
13
12
15
13
10
12
11
15
12
15
0.461
0.423
0.382
0.342
0.441
0.302
0526
0.666
0.440
0.365
0.750
0.833
397
51.00%
51.00%
67.01%
68.71%
67.00%
84.41%
37.30%
35.29%
49.10%
80.39%
31.40%
35.29%
3.051269
0.762817
3.874767
0.767361
0.783688
3.33005
0.798587
4.368136
0.809663
0.826531
Nov
3.38194
0.631247
7.753357
0.739596
0.743871
2.989833
0.643826
5.446229
0.688281
0.696778
2.849275
0.670745
4.222696
0.724459
0.734809
3.140195
0.619455
8.547848
0.701257
0.705358
3.392416
0.666819
6.677942
0.733469
0.738746
3.001928
0.7199
4.345578
0.7336
0.748571
July
June
May
3.05698
0.595987
7.05353
0.656608
0.661946
3.150758
0.619318
6.823424
0.675989
0.681397
2.923
0.621859
5.82682
0.660912
0.670091
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Shannon Weiner index 3.029458
Evenness
0.644505
Margalef index
5.416977
Simpson index
0.693069
Hurlburt index
0.7
Table 4: Variation in diversity indices of algal population of Hatia Dam in 2007
Aug
Sept
Oct
Dec
LATIKA SHARAN AND REKHA SINHA
aquatic population depends, directly
or indirectly, is largely influenced by
the interaction of a number of physicchemical factors. The studies done on
the microphytic community on the
basis of application of different
indices for the water body (Sinha and
Sharan, 2008; Sharan and Sinha,
2010) the water body appears to be
oligotrophic (Table 3 and 4).
The Margalef diversity index is very important as it indicates
the stability of the habitat. The higher diversity index values
have been reported to be correlated with longer food chain
and complex food web of the ecosystem and relatively more
stable community (Margalef, 1968). In the present study the
Margalef diversity index varied from 3.874 in November, 2007
to 8.547 in June, 2007. The range of variation in the index
value is always in higher side. It proved that habitat is stable
and organisms are not in stress.
Pianka (1974) stressed on Simpson’s diversity index which is
sample size dependent, reflects the proportional abundance
of species richness and individual richness. Simpson’s diversity
index varied from 0.660 to 0.809 in the month of February,
2007 and December, 2007 respectively. Mac Arthur (1965,
1972) explained the diversity variation on the basis of
resources, resource utilization and niche overlap. Higher
diversity values reflect diversified resources in the habitat
available for components of the community. Decreased value
of the species diversity indicated the increase of diversity of
utilization of resources by an average species resulting into
lowering of the number of co-existing species in the
community. Apart from these two conditions the sharing of
resources by species or the amount or extent of niche overlap
supports more species and vice-versa. The Simpson’s diversity
index varies between 0.660 to 0.809 in the water body. Hence
the values more than 0.5 can be considered as higher values,
thus following Mac Arthur explanation (1965, 1972) it can be
concluded that habitat has diversified resources with higher
diversity of their utilization by an averages species, providing
a condition for co-existence of species as well as high amount
of niche overlap i.e. sharing of resources among the co-existing
species. The habitat is suitable for most of the algal species
with no stress to any one. The niche overlap indicated high
degree of coincidence of trophic preferences.
A total of 51 species were recorded
during the study. But the occurrence
of species in a particular month was
never more than 84.41% (June 2007).
The minimum occurrence was
31.40% in the month of November
2007. Highest population density of
planktonic algae was recorded as
152/L represented by 41 species
while the lowest was only 48/L
(November 2007) constituted by 16
species. The S: N (species number and
individual number) ratio was
calculated to be lowest as 0.234 (July,
2007) and highest as 0.307 (June,
2007).
The expected number of species
varied from a minimum of 11 species
against 25 and 26 number of actual
occurrence to a maximum, of 15
species against actual occurrence of
34 and 41 species. This data show
that in ideal conditions the water body
is suitable for lees number of species
than what has been found. The
equitability values ranged from 0.342
(April, 2007) to 0.833 (December,
2007).
Based on Hurlbert (1971) index the diversity value obtained
was more or less similar to those of Simpson’s value. The
lower values of Hurlbert (1971) index may be explained as in
the habitat there is high inter individual interaction i.e. high
interspecific competition which has resulted into lowering of
species diversity (Harman, 1972) and the higher values are
found when the interspecific competitions are low, this can
only be possible in the habitat when the resources occur in
abundance for existing population. This ultimately coincides
with the Mac Arthur’s explanation. The lowest Hurlbert’s index
value was recorded in the month of February as 0.670 and
the highest in December 2007 as 0.826. The range of variation
is always more than 0.5 which is in higher side of the normal
range of the index as it ranges between 0.0 to 1.0. Thus the
habitat harbours species free from resource crunch and
competitive pressure.
A bimodal peak pattern was observed
during the study which was in the
months of May, 2007 and October,
2007. The post monsoon peak was
bigger than the post winter peak. This
may be due to the impact of
accumulation of some nutrients
brought in the water body from
catchment area during rainy season.
Shannon - Wiener index ranged
between 2.849 (July, 2007) to 3.381
(October, 2007). This result
according to the explanation of
Wilhm and Dorris (1966) confirms
slight pollution to no pollution state
of the water body. According to the
explanation of Staub et al. (1970), the
water body under investigation is in
the state of mild pollution (when
Shannon Weiner index is less than 3)
to unpolluted state.
The species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and evenness
of species or the evenness component of species diversity
show no very apparent fluctuation. The more complex
community, the greater is the species diversity and stability
(Mac Arthur, 1965). Crude measure of stability of community
over a given time can be obtained from the range of values of
species diversity calculated within the time period. Thus the
greater the fluctuation in the species diversity of a community,
the less is stability.
398
WATER QUALITY AND BIOMONITORING
510-533.
The range of expected number of algal species as shown in
Table 3 is 10 to 15 and the range of equitability was calculated
from 0.342 to 0.883in the months of April and December
2007 respectively.
Mac. Arthur, R. H. 1972. Geographical Ecology: Patterns in the
distribution of species. Harper and Row. New York. p. 269.
Margalef, R. 1968. Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Univ. of Chicago
Press. Chicago. p. 111.
The equitability values calculated for the samples of the present
study reflect that owing to “inequitability” the distribution of
individuals among the species of the examined samplecommunity has a species diversity “apportioned” to a
community of how many species as actually occur (Lloyd and
Ghelardi, 1964).
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