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Origins of Judaism What is Judaism? •“A 4000 year old tradition with ideas about what it means to be human and how to make the world a holy place” (Rabbi Harold Kushner, To Life) •A “covenant relationship” between God and the Hebrew people •A faith, a people, a way of life… Beliefs of Judaism… •In one God, creator of the universe, personal but non-corporeal •In prophets of old – especially Moses, through whom Torah was revealed to the Hebrew people •In Torah (first five books of the Bible), containing religious, moral and social law which guides the life of a Jew the Hebrew Bible does not include the New Testament History •The Torah - 1st five books of the Hebrew Bible – tells early history •1st monotheistic religion (one God) •Yahweh is one and only god •Promised Land-Canaan, Palestine, “Land of Milk and Honey”, Israel, (region at eastern end of Mediterranean Sea) The Story of Abraham •God chose Abraham to be “father” of Jewish people •2000 B.C. - Abraham moves family and herds from Ur to Canaan-”the promised land” The covenant between God and Abraham •Covenant- formal agreement between two sides •Abraham promises to obey God •Yahweh promises to protect Abraham So… •Abraham—Isaac—Jacob—Joseph •Joseph sold into slavery in Egypt and • Became a leader to the pharaoh in Egypt •Hebrews went to Egypt because of a drought and famine. At first they were honored …..later forced into slavery . Moses •Considered one of the greatest figures in Jewish history •At birth, left on banks of Nile by mother •Found and raised by Egyptian princess •God commands him to lead Jews out of Egypt (burning bush) Moses and the Exodus •1300-1200 B.C. Moses leads the Hebrews out of Egypt •Event called the “Exodus” ; after plagues •Remembered during the festival of Passover A New Covenant •Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai •Basis for Hebrew civil and religious laws The Land and the People •The Hebrews wandered Sinai Desert for 40 years •Return to Canaan as 12 loosely organized tribes (Largest tribe was Judah) •Judges provide leadership (One was a woman-Deborah) Hebrew Law •Men and women have separate roles and responsibilities •Laws provided strict justice softened by mercy. •Prophets interpret laws & teach people to live moral lives. The Kingdom of Israel •Hebrews expand north and south •Hebrews came to be called Jews and religion called Judaism The “new” kingdom of Israel B/n 1020 to 922 B.C., the Hebrews unite under three able kings and call the kingdom Israel. The kings are the following: •Saul •David •Solomon Saul Chosen b/c he drove out the Philistines David •Popular leader •Defeats Goliath •Establishes Jerusalem as the capital •Saul’s son in law •United tribes •Wrote many of the Bible Psalms Solomon •Built trading empire •Built temple and royal palace in Jerusalem •Bible story of Solomon’s wisdom •Son of David •Raised taxes Solomon’s Temple •Bronze pillars at entrance •Stone on outside •Inner walls made of cedar covered in gold •Main hall decorated w/ brass & gold Kingdom Divides •Solomon’s building projects required high taxes and forced labor lead Jews in north to revolt •By 922 B.C. kingdom divides in two •Israel to north •Judah to south The Babylonian Captivity •In 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay tribute to Assyrians •By 722 B.C. Assyrians take over Israel (N) •586 B. C. Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar take over Judah (S); he destroys Solomon’s temple •In 539 B.C. Persians under King Cyrus conquer Babylon • 40,000 Jews return to Jerusalem • Temple, walls rebuilt • Land later ruled by Greeks, Romans • 70 AD Romans destroy the 2nd temple and the Hebrews are dispersed (Diaspora) • 1948 AD Israel The Spiritual Dimension of Israel Yahweh = God Monotheistic Covenant Law: 10 Commandments (religious and civil laws) Prophets: Religious teachers Jews did not accept other gods of their conquerors Judaism Today •Star of David •Yarmulke •The Torah Scroll •Western Wall •Kosher laws •Synagogue Western Wall The Jews attribute it to a promise made by God that some part of the holy Temple would be left standing as a sign of God's unbroken bond with the Jewish people in spite of the catastrophes which had befallen them.