* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to W. Shakespeare`s Language File
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Agglutination wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Morphology (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Untranslatability wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Contraction (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
H.Shehab, 2015 Shakespeare’s Language Two or three students will, as a group, write a silent conversation, addressing each other directly in the second person. Use Shakespearean pronouns and verb inflections: Pronouns Singular Pronouns Thou - Subject: "Thou art my brother." Thee - Object: "Come, let me clutch thee." Thy - Possessive Adjective: "What is thy name?" (your name) Thine - Possessive Noun: “The pizza is thine” (yours) Plural Pronoun Ye - Subject: "Ye shall know me." Verb Inflection Elizabethan language contains verb inflections. Simply add an –est, –st or –t to second person (some exceptions: you are becomes thou art) and add –eth or-th to third person (he hath eaten the donut) verbs. You are lying-you bad person becomes: "Thou liest, malignant thing." What did you see: "What didst thou see?" Why can’t you see the difference: "Why canst thou not see the difference?" Did you drink your Coke when you were thirsty? : Didst thou drink thy Coke when thou wast thirsty? The silly boy has eaten his hat: The silly wretch hath his hat eaten. Word Order in Shakespeare’s Sentences: As well as unfamiliar words and pronouns, students often struggle with Shakespeare’s language because of his sentences, which follow an unusual order, usually for poetic and dramatic effect (people didn’t speak that way). We are used to sentences being arranged in a particular way (SVO), but he sometimes rearranged word order to create a particular rhythm, emphasize particular words or give a character a specific speech pattern.So, as you read, you’ll notice that the subject, verb, and object do not always follow in a 1, 2, 3 order. Look at the following example (from Randal Robinson’s Unlocking Shakespeare’s Language). I ate the pizza (S-V-O) I, the pizza ate. (S-O-V) Ate the pizza, I. ( ?) Ate I the sandwich. ( The sandwich ate I. ( ?) ?) Rewrite the sentence below changing the word order each time (Don’t add any new words to the sentence). Original Sentence: She passed the Brevet. Rewrite #1: _________ _________ _________ _________. Rewrite #2: _________ _________ _________ _________. Look at the rewritten sentences above. Although the sentences have the same meaning, the order changes the poetic and dramatic effect of the words (can you think why?). A. Other Peculiarities in Shakespeare’s Language: Omissions and Contractions Omissions: Shakespeare shortened words and often left out letters or syllables. This is used for poetic effect-basically to create a particular rhythm/meter or rhyme. Contemportary examples: Tsup! Been to class yet? Heard’ bout the test? Gotcha! Examples: ‘tis- it is Ne’er-never Ope- open i’- in O’er-over giveO’erlook-overlook gi’- e’er-ever oft-often good e’en-good evening Shakepeare’s Punny use of Puns Definition: a "pun," or "a humorous play on words" (Visual Thesaurus definition). Some puns (like the one in the example) are considered "homographic" or depend upon words that look alike but have multiple meanings; other puns are considered "homophonic" or depend on words that sound the same but have different meanings (e.g., Two peanuts were walking down the street; one was assaulted.-"assaulted" sounds like "a salted"). Puns add wit and depth to language by changing the literal meaning of text or adding another layer of meaning. Example: "The butcher backed up into the meat grinder and got a little behind in his work." Is it a homographic or homophonic pun? (remember phone means sound, graph means writing) Why is the sentence above funny? Why have puns been described as “the lowest form of humor”? Some contemporary examples: One tequila, two tequila, three tequila, floor. When she told me I was average, she was just being mean. "Those who run in front of car get tired, those who run behind car get exhausted." "Those who want a pretty nurse must be patient." "Those who eat cookie in bed wake up feeling crumby." Work with a partner to come up with a homographic and a homophonic pun. Try to create a funny sentence using one or more puns: