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Key terms Background February 23, 2015 ● page 1 of 1 Charles Darwin, 1809–1882 natural selection (1857): “a natural process that results in the survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment and that leads to the perpetuation of genetic qualities best suited to that particular environment” On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London, 1859) Darwinism (1864): “a theory of the origin and perpetuation of new species of animals and plants that offspring of a given organism vary, that natural selection favors the survival of some of these variations over others, that new species have arisen and may continue to arise by these processes, and that widely divergent groups of plants and animals have arisen from the same ancestors” survival of the fittest: natural selection; Herbert Spencer coined the term (Principles of Biology [London, 1864]) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (2 vols., London, 1871) social Darwinism (1887): “an extension of Darwinism to social phenomena; specifically: a sociological theory that sociocultural advance is the product of intergroup conflict and competition and the socially elite classes (as those possessing wealth and power) possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence”