Download Unit 2 PPT

Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Lecture 1
Systems and Orientation
From Marieb
CHB 2014
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The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
 Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
 Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
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Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organismal level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
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Figure 1.1
Organ System Overview
 Reproductive
 Produces
offspring
Figure 1.2k–l
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Organ System Overview
 Integumentary
 Forms the external body
covering
 Protects deeper tissue from
injury
 Helps regulate body
temperature
 Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System Overview
 Skeletal
 Protects and supports
body organs
 Provides muscle
attachment for movement
 Site of blood cell
formation
 Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
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Organ System Overview
 Muscular
 Produces movement
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System Overview
 Nervous
 Fast-acting control
system
 Responds to internal and
external change
 Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System Overview
 Endocrine
 Secretes regulatory
hormones
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System Overview
 Cardiovascular
 Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes
Figure 1.2f
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Organ System Overview
 Lymphatic
 Returns fluids to blood
vessels
 Cleanses the blood
 Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
 Respiratory
 Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
 Digestive
 Breaks down food
 Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
 Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
 Urinary
 Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
 Maintains acid-base
balance
 Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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The Language of Anatomy
 Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for
 Position
 Direction
 Regions
 Structures
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Regional Terms
 Anterior body landmarks
Figure 1.5a
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Regional Terms
 Anterior body landmarks
Figure 1.5a
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Regional Terms
 Posterior body landmarks
Figure 1.5b
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
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 Stopped here 9/10 8/19
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
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Body Planes and Sections
 A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into
left and right parts
 A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body
(or organ) into equal left and right parts
 A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into
anterior and posterior parts
 A transverse, or cross, section divides the body
(or organ) into superior and inferior parts
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Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
 Dorsal body cavity
 Cranial cavity houses the brain
 Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
 Ventral body cavity
 Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and
others
 Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Reflection and Review
1. List the three major body planes.
2. List 5 major body systems.
3. Clarify the following pairs:
proximal:distal
medial:lateral
superior:inferior
dorsal:ventral
superficial:deep
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