Download Architecture of the World II

Architecture
of the
World II
Rio del Plata
Euphrates
Rio del Plata
Inhabited by the Gununa Kena nomads until the 11th Century when taken by the
Mapucha.
After the 15th Century, Sir Francis Drake settles the area for Seal Lion colonies.
The Portuguese then settled the area afterwards due to it’s location for trade and
diverse ability to support agriculture, fishing, and industry (after the railway was
built from Buenos Aires to Argentina).
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Del Plata
ƒ Architecture influences by Europeans.
ƒ Ancient River based on trade and global position.
ƒ Spanish‐colonial influence prevalent in last three centuries of
development.
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Rio del Plata
Ancient:
Use of local natural materials;
Utilitarian forms;
Ease of construction.
Modern:
Embraces the abstract;
Always an eye toward the avant‐garde;
Preferred use of concrete & steel.
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Architecture
of the
World II
Rio del Plata
Euphrates
Euphrates
Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Bronze Age
Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and
Assyrian empires. In the Iron Age, it was controlled by the Neo‐
Assyrian and Neo‐Babylonian empires. The indigenous Sumerians
and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated
Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to
the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the
Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC and
after his death it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Pre‐Pottery Neolithic: Euphrates
Boreal Period (ca. 7200 BC)
Jarmo (ca. 7000 bc–ca. 6000 BC)
collapse: 8.2 kiloyear event (6200 BC)
Pottery Neolithic: Hassuna (ca. 6000 bc–? BC), Samarra (ca. 5700 BC–4900 BC) and
Halaf (ca. 6000 BC–5300 BC) "cultures"
Chalcolithic or Copper age: Ubaid period (ca. 5900 BC–4400 BC)
collapse: 5.9 kiloyear event (3900 BC)
Uruk period (ca. 4400 BC–3200 BC)
Jemdet Nasr period (ca. 3100 BC–2900 BC)[10]
Early Bronze Age
Early Dynastic Sumerian city‐states (ca. 2900 BC–2350 BC)
Akkadian Empire (ca. 2350 BC–2193 BC).
collapse: 4.2 kiloyear event (ca. 2200 BC)
Third Dynasty of Ur (ca. 2119 BC–2004 BC)
Middle Bronze Age Early Babylonia (20th to 18th c. BC)
Early Assyrian kingdom (20th to 18th c. BC)
First Babylonian Dynasty (18th to 17th c. BC)
collapse: Minoan Eruption (c. 1620 BC)
Late Bronze Age Kassite dynasty, Middle Assyrian period (16th‐12th c. BC)
collapse: Bronze Age collapse (12th to 11th c. BC)
Iron Age
th
Neo‐Hittite or Syro‐Hittite regional states (11 ‐7th c. BC)
Neo‐Assyrian Empire (10th to 7th c. BC)
Chaldea, Neo‐Babylonian Empire (7th to 6th c. BC)
Classical Antiquity
Persian Babylonia, Achaemenid Assyria (6th to 4th c. BC)
Seleucid Mesopotamia (4th to 3rd c. BC)
Parthian Asuristan (3rd c. BC to 3rd c. AD)
Osroene (2nd c. BC to 3rd c. AD)
Adiabene (1st to 2nd c. CE)
Roman Mesopotamia, Roman Assyria (2nd c. CE)
Late Antiquity
Sassanid Asuristan (3rd to 7th c. CE)
Muslim conquest, dissolution of Asuristan/Assyria (7th c. CE)
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Euphrates
Village of Srouj near Qasr.
Latakia arch.
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School
Tigris
Mesopotamian Architecture
Neither stone nor wood was widely available for construction in ancient
Mesopotamia, so the early architects of the region used mud bricks instead.
Mud was easily available and mud bricks cost very little to make. The bricks
were mixed with grass or dung, molded and then sun‐dried. Sometimes
they were fired to make them more durable, but this was not done often
because it increased the expense.
The Mesopotamian Arch
Because the Mesopotamian architects didn't have easy access to wood or
stone, they couldn't use wood beams or stone supports to span the tops of
doorways. The arch was invented to solve this problem, allowing the
Mesopotamians to work around their lack of other local buildings materials.
The Mesopotamian arches are made of the same mud brick as the walls.
© Professor Mark Comeau, Arch‐World II Home School