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Neurotransmission Practice 1. The extensions of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons are the ______________________. 2. The extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the ________________________; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the ________________________, which help speed the neuron’s impulses. 3. Identify the major parts of the neuron diagrammed below: 4. The neural impulse, or ___________________________________-, is a brief electrical charge that travels down a(n) _______________________________. 5. The fluid interior of a resting axon carries mostly (positively/negatively) charged ions, while the fluid outside has mostly (positively/negatively) charged ions. This polarization, called the _______________________________, occurs because the cell membrane is selectively _______________________________. 6. An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and (positively/negatively) charged ions rush in, causing that part of the neuron to be ____________________________. 7. During the resting pause following an action potential, called the ___________________ _____________________, the neuron pumps (positively, negatively) charged ions outside the cell. 8. In order to trigger a neural impulse, _________________ signals minus ___________________ signals must exceed a certain intensity, called the _____________________. Increasing a stimulus above this level (will/will not) increase the neural impulse’s intensity. This phenomenon is called an _______________- ___- ______________ response. 9. The strength of a stimulus (does/does not) affect the speed of an action potential. 10. The junction between two neurons is called a ___________________. 11. The chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called ________________________. These chemicals unlock tiny channels on receptor sites, allowing electrically charged ________________ to enter the neuron. 12. Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by ________________________ or _____________________ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed to the sending neuron in a process called _______________________. 13. Among the neurotransmitters that researchers have pinpointed is ________________, which influences movement, learning, attention, and emotions and seems to play a role in schizophrenia. The neurotransmitter, ______________, affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal, while _________________________ affects alertness and arousal. Finally, _____________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter implicated in eating and sleep disorders and is enhanced by alcohol consumption. 14. A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is _______________. The poison, _________________, produces paralysis by blocking the activity of this neurotransmitter. 15. Naturally occurring opiatelike neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called ____________________. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as ________________ or _________________________, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters. 16. Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called _________________________. Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their _____________________________ are called __________________. 17. The molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the ______________________________________ barrier by which the brain filters out unwanted chemicals. 18. The tremors of ___________________ disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter ________________________. People with this condition can be helped to regain control over their muscles by taking _________________.