Download Chapter 1 Section 6

Chapter 1 Section 5 –
Westward Movement and sectionalism shaped national politics
Intro - 1789 U.S. stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River – Many at the time
thought it would take many years to populate – Wrong!
I.
The nation acquired the LA Territory and Florida – Land didn’t include mouth of
Mississippi (Spanish territory until 1800)
-New Orleans – Port town at end of Mississippi River (French control after Spain)
-Louisiana Purchase – Napoleon, Emperor of France, sold LA Territory to U.S. to raise money for
his conquest of Europe – Area was larger than the original 13 states – Florida (from Spain) annex a
small part west of Florida (1812) – 1819 Spain cede the rest to U.S. – U.S. recognized that Texas was
Spanish territory & not part of LA Purchase as some claimed
II.
Political parties began to emerge in the 1790s – Federalists – Alexander Hamilton –
favored a strong Federal system – Federalist n control until Jefferson 1800 – Anti-Federalist /
Democratic-Republicans / Republicans – wanted a weak central authority – Thomas Jefferson
– Debates – slavery, tariff policy, national banking, gov’t building roads / canals
III.
Sectional issues threatened national unity – Both North & South adding states at same
pace – By 1820 population in Northern states grew faster
-Missouri Compromise – Maine added to balance Missouri & slavery would not be permitted in
remainder of the LA Purchase & no slavery North of 36 degrees 30’ in LA Territory
-Henry Clay – drafted Missouri Compromise – senator from Kentucky – Clay’s Tariff Act 1833 –
general reduction of tariffs
-John C. Calhoun – from South Carolina – V.P. for Andrew Jackson
-Doctrine of nullification – state had constitutional right to nullify or cancel, any act of federal
gov’t that went beyond limited specific powers given to it in the constitution
-South Carolina – threatened to secede from the Union if the protective tariff (1832) was enforced
-Daniel Webster – Massachusetts Senator argued against the rights of states against the federal
gov’t
Chapter 1 Section 6
Manifest Destiny swept the nation south and west
I.
Intro – John L. Sullivan & Manifest Destiny – Editor in NY – spoke about the U.S.
destiny to posses the whole of the continent
II.
U.S. annexation of Texas sparked a war with Mexico –Americans began settling
there in 1821 (Stephan Austin) & agreed to obey Mexican law, pay Mexican taxes, & become
Catholic - Mexico forbid American immigration into Texas in 1830 – people were bringing
slaves, against Mexican law
-Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – 1834 seized Mexican Gov’t – Abolished Mex. Const. Of 1824
– Threatened to use military force to make Texans comply w/ Mex. Law – Led several thousand
troops to San Antonio (Alamo) 1836
-Alamo – Abandoned mission – March 6, 1836 Mexicans scaled walls & killed defenders w/ no
mercy
-Sam Houston – Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836 during the attack on the
Alamo – Republic of Texas was formed and Houston was chief & commander – Actual independence
cam in April – Santa Anna was captured & forced to sign treaty – Disagreement over border – Rio
Grande or Nueces River
III.
The U.S. acquired the Oregon Territory by negotiation – By 1825 both G.B. & U.S.
IV.
California and Utah grew rapidly -
claimed territory – Trappers & fur traders were the 1st in the territory – Migration between
1843-1846 brought 10,000 Americans – accidents, disease, & Indian attacks took 1 of 17 that
took the 2,000 mile Oregon trail – 1844 James K. Polk’s campaign slogan 54
-California – gold discovered in Jan. 1848 – 80,000 people arrived at the foothills of the Sierra
Nevadas within a year and a half
-Utah – Religious mission – Mormons led by Brigham Young begun in April 1848 near Salt Lake –
Within 2 years 6,000 Mormons joined the original group
V.
The end of the Mexican War brought a revival of the slavery debate – New
territories upset the slave / nonslave balance and brought on new problems – 1.) boundary
dispute between New Mexico & Texas 2.) Slave trade in D.C. 3.) South wanted stronger
fugitive slave laws
-Compromise of 1850 – Clay, Calhoun, Webster – Pres. Taylor died, he had favored the North –
Millard Fillmore favored compromise – Cali. Entered as a free state – other old Mexico land divided
into New Mex. & Utah with no restrictions on slavery – Texas was paid $10 million for lost land to
New Mex. – slave trade not slavery abolished in D.C. – stronger fugitive slave laws passed
Chapter 1 Section 7
Sectional differences led to secession
I.
Intro – 1850-1860 Period of Increasing North and South Tension – Southern
agrarian economy, w/ dependence on slave labor continued to grow & prosper, but at
slower rate than industrial North
II.
Economic factors contributed to sectional conflict – 1850 census – 3.5 million
African-Americans in South, 3.2 million were slaves – cotton made up 60% of all export
revenues in the country – 1/3 southerners owned slaves in 1850s – slaves not looked at as
people, but property – no civil rights & no human rights– by 1850s the North was becoming
very industrialized & immigration by Irish & Germans increasing population -
III.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act heightened conflict – Compromise of 1850 was a fragile
truce – fugitive slave laws were a slap in the face to abolitionists
-Underground Railroad – term used for escape routes to free territory
-Uncle Tom’s Cabin – controversial novel – 300,000 copies sold in 1 year – south furious about
the book
-Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote UTC – wrote to convince readers that slavery harmed everyone
who had anything to do with it
-Stephen A. Douglas – Congressman from Illinois – wanted to win Southern support for run at
President – Came up with Kansas – Nebraska Act
-Kansas-Nebraska Act – Divide Nebraska Territory into 2 territories (Kansas & Nebraska) &
remove Missouri Compromise – NE sent settlers to claim soil as free
-Popular Sovereignty – Let people of area decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery
in their territory – Douglas believed both areas would vote down slavery so Douglas would win both
ways (both North & South would be pleased)
-Dred Scott – Missouri slave whose owner took him to Wisconsin – Supreme Court ruled Scott
wasn’t a citizen & had no legal right to sue
IV.
The election of Lincoln led to secession -
-Illinois – Democrat Stephen Douglas vs. Abe Lincoln for Senate seat in Illinois – notable debates in
Illinois during Senate run
-Abraham Lincoln – won 1860 Presidential election – carried N. & W. states – in 10 Southern
states he wasn’t even on the ballot & didn’t get a single vote & vowed that if he won the election they
would secede
-Freeport Doctrine – slavery could not exisit in a territory unless it was supported by local police
regulations (regardless of what the Supreme Court said)
-Jefferson Davis – South Carolina was the 1st to secede – within 6 weeks Miss., Flor., Ala., Geog.,
Louis., Texas also seceded – delegates from each met in Montgomery, Ala. & set up the Confederate
States of America & chose Davis as President
Chapter 1 Section 8
The Civil War brought an end to slavery
I.
Intro -Inaugural address Lincoln – March 4, 1861 Lincoln said he would do what he
had to, to preserve the Union
II.
War began at Fort Sumter -
-Fort Sumter – 1 of a few military institutions still in federal hands, located on an island at entrance
to Charleston harbor
-Border States – Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, & Delaware – all were slave states
bordering the Union
-Richmond, Virginia – When the South attacked Fort Sumter Lincoln called for 75,000 to crush
the rebellion, which led to Tennessee, Virginia, Arkansas, & North Carolina joining the Confederacy
& moved the capital to Richmond
III.
The Union developed a three-point strategy for victory – 1.) Blockade to halt
Southern cotton shipments & prevent supplies from reaching Confederate ports 2.) Gain
control of Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy & attack Georgia & South Carolina
from the west 3.) Build a well trained army (Army of Potomac) to defend Washington D.C.
& take offensive to Richmond
-Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces beat a larger Union Army here at Manassas, Virginia (25
miles from Washington D.C.)
-Ulysses S. Grant – Main strategist of the western war where the Union had more immediate
success – also became the 18th President
-George McClellan – After loss at Bull Run he was named commander of the Army of the
Potomac – his task was to defeat Confederate forces commanded by Lee & capture Richmond
-Robert E. Lee – Brilliant Confederate general – led Lincoln to replace many commanders of the
Army of the Potomac – thought a victory on Union soil would get England & France to recognize the
Confederacy
IV.
The war brought an end to slavery – Lincoln disliked slavery, but preserving the Union
was his main goal – slave states were on both sides, if Lincoln abolished slavery he would
lose border states to secession
-Gettysburg Address – 4 months after Union victory at Gettysburg – Lincoln moved Grant to East
& he began fighting toward Richmond – Union won because of #’s – General William Sherman
marched through the South (very destructive)
-Appomattox – Where General Lee surrendered to Grant in Virginia
-Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st American woman to earn a medical degree – helped recruit & train
nurses during the war
-Clara Barton – nursed in many battlefields & later founded American Red Cross