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Transcript
INFECTION CONTROL IN HOSPITALS What is infection? ‘ The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body’. Some examples – Tonsilitis Otitis Meningitis Pneumonia •Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) — also known as nosocomial infection is an infection that is contracted from the environment or staff of a healthcare facility. It can be spread in the hospital environment, nursing home environment, clinic,or other clinical settings Main routes of transmission 1.Contact transmissionThe most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact 2. Droplet transmissionTransmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the patient's body; droplets are generated from the source person mainly by coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures, such as bronchoscopy 3. Airborne transmissionDissemination can be either airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing the infectious agent. 4. Common vehicle transmissionThis applies to microorganisms transmitted to the host by contaminated items, such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment. 5.Vector borne transmissionThis occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other microorganisms transmit infection. Anti-infective AgentsAntibiotic Agents- Penicillin,B-lactamase inhibitor, Fluroquinolones, Aminoglycosides,Tetracyclines Antiviral Agents- Acyclovir,Amantidine, Ramantidine Antifungal Agents- Amphoterisin B, Graciofulvin, Flucytosine, Nystatin Antihelmintics Agents- Mebendazole, Abendazole, Niclosamide Antituberculosis Agents- Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampicin, Antileprosy Agent- Dapsone, clofazimine,Rifampicin Methods of prevention of infections1.Hand hygiene- hand washing is mandatory in most health care settings 2.Sterilization- Sterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible. Sterilizers may be heat only, steam, or liquid chemical. 3.Cleaning- In order to reduce their chances to contract an infection, individuals are recommended to maintain a good hygiene by washing their hands after every contact bodily fluids and by disposing of garbage at regular intervals to prevent germs from growing 4.Disinfection- Disinfection uses liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms. Ultraviolet light has also been used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected 5.Personal Protective Equipment- is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard. 6. Vaccination of health care workers- Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work. Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting.