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Czech language Czech language WestofSlavic language One the most difficult languages in the (complicated conjugation, declension world similarity to other Slavic languages (Slovak) and grammar) “Hello, good afternoon” Many many many many many words (several expressions for one thing) Many dialects: Praha and Čechy (Bohemia) dobar dzień dobrý dobry dan deň den (Moravia and Silesia) Morava and Slezsko Czech alphabet ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU VWXYZ + Č Ď CH Ň Ř Š Ť Ž +ÁÉĚÍÓÚŮÝ + au, eu, ou → A (Á) B C Č D Ď E (É Ě) F G H CH I (Í) J K L M N Ň O (Ó) P Q R Ř S Š T Ť U (Ú Ů) V W X Y (Ý) Z Ž What is a word? syllable A, E, I, O, U, Y → pa, pe, pi, po, pu, py R, L → pr, pl Čes.ká re.pub.li.ka ztvr.dl Bel.gi.e čtvr.tek Nejnezdevětadevadesáteroznásobovávatelnějšími Nejneobhospodařovávatelnějšími Strč prst skrz krk! Jazykolamy (Tongue-twisters) „Tři tisíce tři sta třicet tři stříbrných stříkaček stříkalo přes tři tisíce tři sta třicet tři stříbrných střech.“ (3333 silver sprinklers sprinkled over 3333 silver roofs.) „Chrt pln skvrn zhltl hrst zrn.“ (A greyhound full of stains swallowed handful of grains) „Nejkulaťoulinkatější“ (the most spherical + diminutive) Parts of speech • • • • • • • • • • Nouns (podstatná jména) Adjectives (přídavná jména) Pronouns (zájmena) Numerals (číslovky) Verbs (slovesa) Adverbs (příslovce) Prepositions (předložky) Conjunctions (spojky) Particles (částice) Interjections (citoslovce) Verbs 5 irregular verbs: být (to be), jíst (to eat), vědět (to know), vidět (to see), mít (to have), chtít (to want), jít (to go) 5 verb classes >16 models of conjugation different form for each person (e.g. French) 3 tenses (past, present and future) + past perfect (used only in conditionals) 2 verbal aspects (perfective, imperfective) passive and active voice, conditional mood… Sentence • In every sentence, there must be predicate… (not only verb!) • … but there needn‘t be subject Já jdu = Jdu (I go) Vyvenčil jsi psa? (Did you walk a dog?) Dělával (He used to do) 1 : 4 words! To understand the meaning, you have to listen to the form of the used verb properly. > similar to e.g. Spanish (soy, éres, es…) Questions and negatives •Attention! Free order: intonation, usually without pronouns (no be do two or don‘t) There can or even more • Jsem negatives doma. (I‘m in one at home.) sentence! Nic nedělám Jsem doma? = „I don‘t (Am do I atnothing“ home?) I• do Chceš nothing máslo? = „dělám (Do you nic“ want some butter?) Ano, Nikomu tochci. nikdy(literally: neříkej =„Yes, I want.“) „Never (literally: don‘t tell „No, that Itodon‘t noone“ Ne, nechci. want.“) Negatives: adding ne- to the positive form „Pády“ („falls“): Declension Pes (a Dog) Singular Plural 1. pes 1. psi 2. psa 2. psů 3. psu/psovi 3. psům 4. psa 4. psy 5. pse 5. psi 6. psu/psovi 6. psech 7. psem 7. psy Just for nouns? • 40 various forms of adjectives • + pronouns and numerals • • • • • What? Of what? For what? About what? With what? • • • • • Co? Z čeho? K čemu? O čem? S čím? zelená černá bílá žlutá červená modrá Don‘t worry, it‘s almost the end • pil x pyl (pil = he drank; pyl = pollen) • být x byt x bít x (být) bit (být = to be; byt = a flat, bít = to beat; být bit = to be beaten – passive voice) • zpráva x správa (zpráva = news; správa = administration) … and many other difficulties that are causing our bad marks from the Czech language Zdrobněliny (Diminutives) Pes (a Dog) • pejsek, pejsánek • psík, psíček • hafík, hafan, hafánek (fam.) And that all means „a little, fluffy, sweety dog“ • + psisko, čokl (a bit expressive) Why can‘t you call me my name? • • • • My name is Adéla Adéla = 1. pád (the 1st form) but for calling, there‘s 5. pád (the 5th form) 5th form of a noun „Adéla“ is „Adélo“ = a propre way how to call me • Jolana – Jolano • Michal – Michale • Libuše – Libuše (the same) Why doesn‘t my brother have the same surname as me? • • • • • My surname is Komárková But! This is the feminine form! My brother‘s name: Komárek (masculine form) Family name: Komárkovi (on our mailbox ) That‘s why all the girls have similar the last part of their surnames • actor – actress A Song from kindergarten Skákal pes přes oves Přes zelenou louku Šel za ním myslivec Péro na klobouku „Pejsku náš, co děláš, Žes‘ tak vesel stále?“ „Řek‘ bych vám, nevím sám“ Hop! a skákal dále Děkuji Vám za pozornost! Thank you for your attention!