Download Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda

LABORATORIO Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda EJERCICIO 15 Goals for today •  Learn to recognized the SubPhylum Hexapoda from other animals •  Learn the main diagnos@c characteris@cs of the group. •  Learn about some species biology Subphylum Hexapoda This is the most diverse taxa of Arthropoda ~1.1 million described
species including bees, beetles, mayflies, stoneflies, cicadas,
grasshoppers, among many other Key characteris@cs of the subphlym: • Three pairs of walking legs • One pair of antennae • Body typically divided into 3 tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen • Most have wings •  Trachea (respira@on) •  Malphigian tubules (excre@on) • Direct (hemimetabolous; with adult‐like nymphs) or indirect (holometabolous, with dis@nct larval stage) development • Some are social http://www.savalli.us/BIO385/Diversity/
12.Insecta.html
Major events in insect evolu@on I. 
Origin of wingless hexapods ‐‐ the earliest hexapods probably arose in the Silurian. We have well‐preserved fossils from the Early Devonian. The Silurian was the period when the first land plants appeared in the fossil record, and insects probably colonized land shortly aTerwards. II. Evolu@on of wings ‐‐ winged insects first appeared in the fossil record in the Carboniferous period (350 mya). They almost certainly arose much earlier than that (probably the Devonian) because the earliest fossils of winged insects had well‐developed and complex wings. III. Evolu@on of wing folding ‐‐ Wing folding evolved in the Carboniferous period, not too long aTer the evolu@on of wings in the first place. Wing folding characterizes all Neopterous insect orders (all orders except Odonata and Ephemeroptera), and has allowed insects to inhabit, nests, tunnels, and generally protect themselves and their wings. burrows, nests, tunnels, and generally protect themselves and their wings. Major events in insect evolu@on IV. Evolu@on of metamorphosis ‐‐ Metamorphosis evolved some@me late in the Carboniferous or early Permian. What followed was another radia@on in insect diversity. V. End Permian Ex@nc@on ‐‐ At the end of the Permian (230 to 245 mya) there was a major ex@nc@on event that eliminated many orders of very primi@ve winged insects. I refer to these orders in the lecture as the Paleozoic insect orders. This may have cleared the way for a major radia@on in the remaining insect orders and especially the Holometabola. VI. Angiosperm (flowering plant) radia@on ‐‐ Insect diversity increased drama@cally following the origin of the flowering plants (in the Cretaceous). Insects adapted rapidly to the new resource and evolved new methods of feeding and in@mate associa@ons with angiosperm life histories. Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera •  Grasshoppers & crickets •  Hind legs elongated for jumping •  Forewings leathery •  Chewing mouthparts (herbivores) •  Males frequently stridulate (produce sound) •  Tympanic membranes (hearing) present •  Hemimetabolous O. Orthoptera Exercise 13A: –  Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda •  Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera •  Grasshoppers External Anatomy
Describe the differences between the
two pairs of wings (appearance &
function).
How does the tympanic membrane
help a grasshopper?
O. Orthoptera Exercise 13A: –  Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda •  Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera •  Grasshoppers External Anatomy
What do this
animals eat?
O. Orthoptera Exercise 13A: –  Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda •  Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera •  Grasshoppers Internal Anatomy
O. Orthoptera Exercise 13A: –  Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda •  Clase Insecta, Order Orthoptera •  Grasshoppers Internal Anatomy: Ojo
O. Blatoddea •  Roaches
•  Dorso-ventrally flattened
•  Forewings leathery (or wings
absent)
•  Chewing mouthparts
•  Pair of cerci at end of
abdomen
•  Hemimetabolous
Whistling roaches!
Did you know that males of hissing
roaches whistle at females to get them
interested in mating?
O. Blatoddea 1. Observe lamina de partes bucales de una cucaracha O. Diptera •  Hind wings absent
(reduced to club-like
halteres)
•  Sucking or sponging
mouthparts
•  Mobile head with large eyes
•  Holometabolous: larval types
include maggots
halteres
O. Diptera 1. Observe lamina en su cajita con ciclo de vida de Drosophila O. Coleoptera •  Beetles
•  Forewings hardened into
elytra that cover abdomen &
form seam along body
midline
•  General chewing mouthparts
•  Largest order; >350,000
species
•  Holometabolous: larvae are
often grubs
Did you know that this is the most diverse group of hexapods? Coleoptera species richness is the result of having coevolved with flowering plants. Coleoptera contains more species than any other order, cons@tu@ng almost 25% of all known life‐forms O. Coleoptera 1. Observe la anatomia externa en el material preservado O. Collembola •  Springtails
•  Furcula: abdominal
jumping appendage
•  Small size, <6 mm
•  Mouthparts are internal
•  Taxonomic Note:
Commonly placed in a
separate class of
Hexapods, the
Entognatha
Watch this cool video!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwOLMHcQ1w&feature=related
O. Collembola 1. Observe lamina de collembola •  Springtails
•  Furcula: abdominal jumping
appendage
•  Small size, <6 mm
•  Mouthparts are internal
•  Taxonomic Note: Commonly
placed in a separate class of
Hexapods, the Entognatha
O. Odonata •  Dragonflies & damselflies
•  Do not fold wings flat over
body
•  Large mandibles and eyes
•  Hemimetabolous: nymphs
are aquatic (called naiads)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-7k2HNJpXA
O. Odonata 1. Observe la anatomia en material preservado O. Isoptera • 
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Termites
Specialized for eating cellulose
All are eusocial; live in colonies
Multiple castes, typically with
reproductives, soldiers, workers
Alates (new reproductives) have
2 pairs of long membranous
wings
All other castes are wingless,
soft-bodied and usually pale
colored
Eyes poorly developed
Hemimetabolous
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGaT0B__2DM
O. Isoptera O. Mantodea • 
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Mantids
Large raptorial forelegs
Triangular heads with large eyes
Leathery forewings cover
hindwings at rest
•  Ambush predators
•  Hemimetabolous
Nature’s perfect predator!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v
=6hGuallLPcM&feature=results_video&playnext=1&
list=PL17BCDD1B17189964
O. Mantodea 1. Man@s ver material preservado •  Mantids
•  Large raptorial forelegs
•  Triangular heads with large
eyes
•  Leathery forewings cover
hindwings at rest
•  Ambush predators
•  Hemimetabolous
O. Hemiptera 1. True bugs look for the cycle of the • 
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True Bugs, hoppers, aphids, etc.
Sucking beak tucked underneath body
Base of forewings often leathery
Hemimetabolous
O. Hemiptera Triatoma sanguisuga
Trypanosoma cruzi
O. Lepidoptera • 
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Butterflies & moths
Wings broad, covered in scales
Coiled, sucking mouthparts
Holometabolous: larvae are
caterpillars
O. Lepidoptera 1. Ver material preservado y laminas de alas de mariposa O. Himenoptera • 
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Bees, wasps, ants
Hindwings reduced, hook to forewing
Ovipositer modified for piercing, stinging
Typically have narrow "waist"
Holometabolous
O. Himenoptera 1. Ver material preservado de himenoptera O. Phasma@da • 
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Body shape variable but most are elongate and
cylindrical or flattened and resemble sticks,
leaves or grass
2 pairs of wings although some species are
wingless
Wings when present consist of short, hardened
forewings which form a protective cover over
part of the larger membranous hind wings
Antennae are filiform and may be either short or
long
Phasmid nymphs usually resemble adults but
lack wings.
Like many of their relatives, Phasmatidae are capable of
regenerating limbs and commonly reproduce by
parthenogenesis. Despite their bizarre, even threatening
appearance, they are harmless to humans.
O. Phasma@da 1. Observar anatomia de insectos palo en material preservado O. Siphonaptera Common name: fleas
Meaning of name: tube wings
Habitat: siphonoptera literally live
everywhere, even Antarctica; due to being
carried there by hosts
Characteristics: siphonoptera have 3
pairs of legs (their hind legs are modified to
where they can jump); a hard exoskeleton;
sharp mouthparts to bite; and a row of
spines known as a genal comb
Development: siphonoptera go through
complete metamorphosis.
O. Siphonaptera 1. Ver lamina de pulga (flea) in tu cajita O. Phthiraptera Common Characteristics: parasitic;
wingless; flat-bodied; eyeless or small
eyed; small insects with tarsi having one or
two claws.
Development: incomplete metamorphosis
Collecting methods: using a fine-toothed
comb on animals with lice(not to sure
about that)
http://www.dlia.org/atbi/species/Animalia/
Arthropoda/Insecta/Phthiraptera/
index.shtml
O. Phthiraptera 1. Ver lamina de piojos (louse, lice) en su cajita Cool links •  hbp://courses.cit.cornell.edu/ent201/
diversity.html •  hbp://www.ent.iastate.edu/ref/anatomy/ihop/ •  (
hbp://www.zin.ru/Animalia/Siphonaptera/
index.htm.) •  (
hbp://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg‐fact/
2000/2081.html.) •  hbp://www.pet‐informed‐veterinary‐advice‐
online.com/lice‐pictures.html