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Environment, Technology & Settlement Eastern Woodlands Middle Archaic: Dates: ca. 8000-5000 B.P. Corresponds with the Hypsithermal Warming Event. Regional cultural diversity became apparent during this period of global warming Extensive use of broad-spectrum food sources Ground-and-polished stone artifacts appear Burials start showing status differentiation Spring fishing camps found on the seacoast Middle Archaic “Shell Mound Archaic” Focus on freshwater and marine shellfish-both mussels and gastropods. Large deposits of shells in middens or rings. Thought to be adaptation to river stabilization during the hypsithermal. Continues into Late Archaic, but much less common. Read Site, KY http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Stone Tools A variety of new chipped stone points For example, Stanly, Morrow Mountain, Levy, Eva, Benton, Cypress Creek, Arrendondo, White Springs, Sykes, and Newnan. Stone Tools from Dust Cave Bone Tools from Dust Cave Important Middle and Late Archaic sites. WPA era A lot of shell mound sites excavated as part of WPA era work and dam construction. For example, the Green River Shell mound system in Kentucky. New Deal laborers excavating a shell mound site in Butler County http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Prehistoric dog burial exposed at a shell mound site in McLean County http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html New Deal laborers excavating a shell mound site in Ohio County http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Indian Knoll At the conjunction of what are now the Green and Ohio rivers in Ohio County, Kentucky. The Indian Knoll shell mound itself was elliptical in shape and covered an area of about two acres. At the center its deposits were up to eight feet deep. Hundreds of burials were discovered in the mound during the first half of the last century. The burials were of individuals, not groups, and included men, women, children, and dogs. Many held gender-specific objects. ○ Men were interred with axes, fishhooks, and tools, while women were accompanied by mortars, pestles, and beads. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/knol/hd_knol.htm Indian Knoll, Kentucky http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/knol/hd_knol.htm http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=245&ResourceType=Site Excavations http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Bannerstone from Indian Knoll Bannerstones/Atlatl weights http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/knol/hd_knol.htm Projectile Points from Indian Knoll http://www.uky.edu/PR/News/Archives/2004/Oct2004/041006_native_american.htm Indian Knoll Groundstone http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Indian Knoll burials Burials: 1100 found 1-4% of graves contained exotics—objects such as: ○ Conch shell (Gulf?) ○ Copper (from Lake Superior?) ○ Grave goods for children: Reflects social obligations Not necessarily determined through achievement but through ascribed status Indian Knoll Human vertebra with bone point imbedded. http://www.anthro.psu.edu/projects_labs/bioarch/bioarch_lab.shtml Dog Burial from Indian Knoll Indian Knoll, Kentucky, from Figure 16 (Webb 1974:157) Eva Site Riverbank shell midden Deer also hunted, but a broad-spectrum is still characteristic Substantial post holes indicate "large" structures But too cluttered to know their exact shape or form Thus, uncertain if we are dealing with a truly sedentary life, or a situation where a mobile population periodically reuses the same location d. Artifacts varied, but made of locally available materials. Chiggerville, KY http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Chiggerville, shell artifacts http://www.wku.edu/anthropology/khc_2006/green_river.html Sapelo Island Shell Ring, GA Early Native American settlers on the island, perhaps as long ago as 2300 B.C., enjoyed a steady seafood diet and deposited the shells of the ocean creatures in huge, circular layers around their residential sites. Video on Sapelo Island Shell Rings http://www.lostworlds.org/sapelo_shell_ri ngs.html Stallings Island Site ca 2250 B.C. (ca 4200 B.P.) Discovered by James Stoltman, then of the University of Minnesota (later with University of Wisconsin-Madison) Pottery: Fiber tempered Crude, but is considered the pride and joy of many south Atlantic coast Archaic-ists Fiber-temper technology and issues with respect to northern South America Location of Stallings Island http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pages/research/stallings/A14925081459.pdf Excavation Units http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pages/research/stallings/A14925081459.pdf Occupations http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pages/research/stallings/A14925081459.pdf Fibertempered Pottery http://web.clas.ufl.edu/us ers/sassaman/pages/resea rch/stallings/A1492508145 9.pdf Stallings Island Storage pit http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassam an/pages/research/stallings/StalPage. htm Sources http://www.fmnh.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sit es/paul_martin/martin_web/Tularosa/tularosa1.html http://sipapu.gsu.edu/timeline/timeline3000.html http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/knol/hd_knol.htm http://www.uky.edu/PR/News/03-09_shells_research.htm