Download Exam 4 Review KEY

BIOL 211 SI, Molly
Dr. Serb and Dr. Raich
EXAM 4 REVIEW, 11/16/14
What have we covered so far?
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Cell cycle
o Interphase
o Mitosis
o Meiosis I and II
Cancer
Mendel’s experiment
Punnett Square
Inheritance using the Punnett Square and test crosses
Scientists and their contribution to Evolution and Natural Selection
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution via Natural Selection
Darwin’s 4 Postulates
Ernst Mayr’s Demonstrably True Observations and Resulting Inferences
Population Genetics
Modern Synthesis
Populations
Hardy-Weinberg Equation and Conditions
Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies
Genetic Drift
o “Bottleneck Effect”
o “Founder Effect”
Natural Selection
o Directional Selection
o Stabilizing Selection
o Diversifying Selection
o Balancing Selection
Mechanisms to Maintain Diversity
Speciation
Reproductive barriers
o Prezygotic
o Postzygotic
Formation of new species
Biological Species Concept
Describe what happens in each of the following stages of the CELL CYCLE. List if it’s interphase or
mitosis/meiosis.
G1 Phase
Interphase
“Growth” or “Gap”; cell
grows
S Phase
Interphase
“Synthesis”; DNA
replicates
G2 Phase
Interphase
“Growth” or “Gap”; cell
finishes growing
M Phase
Mitosis/Meiosis
Cell divides
Describe what happens in each of the following stages of MITOSIS.
Prophase
- Chromatin coils
- mitotic spindle
forms
- Centrosomes
move away from
one another
Prometaphase
Metaphase
- Nuclear envelope
breaks down
- kinetochores form
on chromatids
- microtubules
from centrosome
attach to
kinetochore
- chromosomes
align on
metaphase plate
Anaphase
- sister
chromatids are
pulled apart
Telophase &
Cytokinesis
- nuclear
envelope begins
to form
- chromosomes
relax
- division of
cytoplasm
(cytokinesis)
Draw the cell in each of the following stages in each cycle. (continued on next page)
Prophase
Mitosis
Look in book
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Anaphase
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Meiosis II
VOCABULARY TERMS
Fill in the table.
Term
Histone Proteins
Chromatin
Centromere
Centrosome
Centriole
Mitotic Spindle/
Spindle Apparatus
Kinetochore
Sister Chromatids
Daughter Cells
Definition from your notes/book
Ch.12
Look in book
Definition in your own words
Benign Tumor
Malignant Tumor
Metastasis
Ch. 13
Homologous
Chromosomes
Gametogenesis
Pluripotent
(in notes)
Crossing Over
Ch. 14
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Monohybrid
Ch. 25
Fitness
Adaptation
Ch. 26
Population
Gene Pool
Genetic Drift
Locus
Microevolution
Fixed Allele
Allelic Frequency
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Directional
Selection
Stabilizing
Selection
Diversifying
(disruptive)
Selection
Balancing
Selection
PEOPLE TO KNOW
Fill in the table with what each scientist contributed to biology.
Scientist
What did he contribute?
Carolus Linnaeus
Jean Baptiste
Lamark
Thomas Malthus
Did he have a theory? If so,
what was it called?
Binomial system (naming of organisms);
hierarchical scheme (KPCOFGS)
Inheritance of acquired traits; progressive
evolution
Population growth geometric; The Inevitable
Result
Alfred Russel
Wallace
Independently formulated the theory of
evolution via natural selection; “All species
come from pre-existing species”
One of the founders of the
Theory of Natural Selection
Charles Robert
Darwin
The Origin of Species; credited for Evolution
via Natural Selection
Receives credit for Theory of
Evolution via Natural Selection
Ernst Mayr
Gregor (Johann)
Mendel
Demonstrably True Observations; Resulting
Inferences; Biological Species Concept
Biological Species Concept
Inheritance (used peas); Independent
Assortment of Genes
Darwin’s Postulates – state them in your own words
1
The individual organisms in a population vary in the traits they possess.
2
Some of the trait differences are heritable.
3
In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can possibly survive.
4
Organisms that survive and reproduce are not a random sample. Certain heritable traits are
more likely to survive.
Darwin’s Components of his Theory of Adaptive Evolution via Natural Selection – describe each in as
much detail as possible, in your own words
1. Biological
Species change through time. Decent with modification. Evidence: gradual
Evolution
change in fossils, artificial selection, human selection for specific traits,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular
biology
2. Natural
Selection
The force on mechanism during adaptive change. Through time,
populations get better adapted to their local environment. Populations of
the same species that are in different locations change in different ways.
Demonstrably True Observations – describe each, in your own words
#1 Individuals vary.
#2
Much of this variation is hereditable.
#3
There is excessive reproduction.
#4
Resources are limited.
Ernst Mayr’s Resulting Influences – describe each, in your own words
1
Not all offspring can survive
2
Survival is not random, but rather based off individual fitness.
3
Population characteristics change through time. Favorable traits will accumulate. Unfavorable
traits become less abundant. Population becomes better adapted to local environment.
Cell Cycle Checkpoints – name where they are and why they are important at those stages
1. G1 Phase
“Restriction point.” Most important. Cell big enough? Environment
favorable?
2. G2 Phase
(sometimes
referred to as
S checkpoint)
3. Metaphase
DNA replicated correctly? Cell big enough? Environment favorable?
Are chromosomes aligned on metaphase plate?
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
Feature
Number of cell divisions
One
Number of chromosomes
in daughter cells compared
to parent cells
Number of crossing-over
events
Mitosis
Meiosis
Two
Same
Half
None
One or more per pair of homologous
chromosomes
Makeup of chromosomes
in daughter cells
Identical
Different
Role in organism life cycle
Asexual reproduction in some
eukaryotes; cell division for
growth
Reproduction - gametes
In the space below, create a Punnett Square. Report the frequencies.
P Generation: PP x pp
P=Purple
P=white
Homozygous dominant: 0
Homozygous recessive: 0
Heterozygous: 4 or 100%
Purple: 4 or 100%
White: 0
F1 Generation: Pp x Pp
P=Purple
P=white
Homozygous dominant: 1 or 25%
Homozygous recessive: 1 or 25%
Heterozygous: 2 or 50%
Purple: 3 or 75%
White: 1 or 25%
P Generation: RRWW x rrww R=Red
r=white
Red/Wrinkled 16/16
Red/Round 0/16
White/Wrinkled 0/16
White/Round 0/16
Ratio: 16:0:0:0
W=wrinkled
w=round
F1 Generation: RrWw x RrWw R=Red
r=white
Red/Wrinkled 9/16
Red/Round 3/16
White/Wrinkled 3/16
White/Round 1/16
Ratio: 9:3:3:1
W=wrinkled
w=round
In the space below, calculate the frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg.
2 alleles for flower color: CR and Cr
49 plants have red flowers (CRCR)
42 plants have pink flowers (CRCr)
9 plants have white flowers (CrCr)
All plants are diploid
Allele frequency
CR .7
Cr .3
Genotype frequency
CRCR .49
CRCr .42
CrCr .09
Short Answer:
1.) What are the three important roles of cell division in eukaryotes?
Reproduction, growth and development, and tissue repair
2.) What are Mendel and Darwin’s respective opinions on evolution?
The units of evolution are genes – Mendel
The mechanism of evolution is selection - Darwin
3.) Name the five conditions in which the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must meet.
Large population, no mutations, no migration, no natural selection, random mating
4.) What are the two problems with the Theory of Adaptive Evolution via Natural Selection? Why
are these topics considered problems?
Fossils – prove extinctions; plant and animal breeding – artificial selection for desirable traits
5.) Why can’t natural selection make “perfect” organisms?
Evolution is limited, adaptations are often compromises, chance and naturals selection interact, and
selection can only edit existing variations.
6.) Describe the relationship between gene pool, alleles, and loci.
Alleles are all the possible traits. Loci are the specific locations on the chromosomes where the alleles
are located. Gene pool is all the alleles for all the traits of a species together.
7.) How is evolution not a theory about the origin of life?
Evolution simply explains the change over time, not the beginning of life.
8.) Is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorm realistic in the natural world? Why or why not?
No. The five characteristics are almost impossible to meet together in the real world.
9.) What are the basis of the Modern Synthesis?
Genetic variation in populations arise by chance through mutation and recombination. Evolution is the
changes in allele frequencies between generations. Speciation occurs gradually when populations
become genetically isolated.
10.) What are the three mechanisms that preserve genetic diversity? Describe each.
Diploidy – can hide genetic diversity from selection as heterozygous; Heterozygote Advantage –
heterozygotes at a locus have greater fitness than homozygotes; Neutral variation – genetic variation
has little or no impact on reproductive success, change through genetic drift
Multiple Choice
1.) ______________ is also known as reduction division.
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Fertilization
d. Metastasis
2.) According to currently available information, humans evolved from fish.
a. True
b. False
3.) During _______________, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
a. Prophase
b. Prometaphase
c. Metaphase
d. Anaphase
4.) Tristan da Cunha, a British settlement, has an allele frequency for retinitis pigmentosa 10x
greater than in England. This is an example of the
a. Genetic Drift
b. Bottleneck Effect
c. Gene Flow
d. Founder Effect
5.) Biological evolution is just a theory, and there are equally good alternatives.
a. True
b. False
6.) Meiosis occurs in the ____________, therefore the product of meiosis is _______________.
a. Organs; organelles
b. Entire body except gonads; somatic cells
c. Skin; skin cells
d. Gonads; gametes
7.) If all humans were to suddenly perish, apes would evolve into humans with time.
a. True
b. False
8.) During the process of binary fission, heritability occurs and genetic variability does not.
a. True
b. False
9.) Natural selection contains five different variations. These variations include all of the following
except:
a. Balancing selection
b. Directional selection
c. Diversifying selection
d. Phenotypic selection
10.) DNA duplicates to form 2 ______________. A cell divides to produce 2 ________________.
a. Daughter cells; sister chromatids
b. Sister chromatids; daughter cells
c. Centrosomes; centromeres
d. Centromeres; centrosomes
11.) The purpose of mosquitos is
a. To control excessive population growth by the animals the feed upon.
b. To feed birds.
c. To make more mosquitos.
d. To disperse disease organisms.
e. None of the above.
12.) In meiosis, the reduction of diploid to haploid occurs:
a. After Prophase I, during Anaphase I
b. After Metaphase I, during Anaphase I
c. After Prometaphase II, during Metaphase II
d. After Anaphase II, during Telophase II
13.) Being smarter and quicker, mammals hastened the extinction of the dinosaurs.
a. True
b. False
14.) These structures are what the spindle fibers attach to on the chromosomes:
a. Centrosomes
b. Kinetochores
c. Microtubules
d. Centromeres
15.) Natural selection acts on the ______________.
a. Individual
b. Population
c. Environment
d. Both a and c
e. Both b and c
16.) Evolution is designed to produce greater perfection through time.
a. True
b. False
17.) Henry went to the doctor and was diagnosed with a benign tumor. This means the tumor will
a. Not invade neighboring tissues.
b. Spread through metastasis.
c. Cannot be easily removed.
d. Reach the blood vessels.
18.) Larger and more complex organisms have larger genomes.
a. True
b. False
19.) ____________ produces two identical daughter cells, while _____________ produces four cells
with half the material as the parent.
a. Mitosis; meiosis
b. Oogenesis; spermatogenesis
c. Meiosis; mitosis
d. Spermatogenesis; oogenesis
20.) The idea that species evolve into other species through time is attributable to Charles Darwin.
a. True
b. False
21.) Interphase constitutes about
a. 25% of the cell cycle
b. 10% of the cell cycle
c. 100% of the cell cycle
d. 90% of the cell cycle
22.) If the environment changes, natural selection
a. Favors new sets of phenotypes.
b. Resists the creation of new phenotypes.
c. Will kill off all organisms from old phenotypes.
d. All the above.
23.) Evolution is directional and linear.
a. True
b. False
24.) Evolution occurs at the ________________.
a. Individual level
b. Population level
c. Bacterial level
d. None of the above
25.) Parent and daughter cells are clones.
a. True
b. False
26.) Which of the following is more highly evolved?
a. Cockroach
b. Human
c. Neither
d. Both are equally evolved