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Sharply increased insect herbivory during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum Currano et al. 10.1073/pnas.0708646105. Supporting Information Files in this Data Supplement: SI Table 4 SI Table 5 SI Methods SI Dataset 1 Table 4. Additional site information Site collection no USNM 42395-42399 Location of principal quarry (N, W) 44.27980, 108.05080 * USNM 42384 43.94508, 107.61870 USNM 41643 44.83843, 109.07274 USNM 42042 44.87568, 108.87242 USNM 42041 44.84884, 108.75471 *The post-PETM Wasatchian 2 flora is found in a laterally extensive carbonaceous shale that can be easily traced. The lithology makes it difficult to collect 1,000 leaves from a single quarry. Therefore, fossils were collected from five quarries spaced over 500 m, and the GPS coordinates given are those of the centrally located quarry (NAD27 CONUS datum). Table 5. LMA estimates using petiole width measurements and damage frequency on individual host plants Site Wa2 Wa2 PETM PETM PETM PETM PETM PETM Cf3 Cf3 Cf3 Cf3 Ti5 Ti5 Ti5 Ti5 Ti5 Ti4 Ti4 Species No of leaves in census No of petiole measurements LMA % leaves with damage SD, damage 95% PI, top 95% PI, bottom Alnus sp. 178 5 72 104 50 33.1 3.53 Averrhoites affinis 816 4 133 200 88 34.0 1.66 Dicot sp. WW001 480 11 156 201 122 45.4 2.27 Dicot sp. WW002 20 3 104 167 65 85.0 7.98 Dicot sp. WW004 89 2 53 94 30 65.2 5.05 Dicot sp. WW005 65 2 75 134 42 93.8 2.98 Dicot sp. WW006 82 6 61 85 44 75.6 4.74 Dicot sp. WW007 154 8 85 113 63 52.6 4.02 Cercidiphyllum genetrix 139 6 66 92 47 20.64 3.43 Macginitiea gracilis 250 2 62 110 35 26.2 2.78 Platanus raynoldsi 133 2 78 138 44 26.0 3.80 Dicot sp. FU750 139 6 128 179 92 42.8 4.20 "Ampelopsis" acerifolia 139 2 90 160 51 23.7 3.61 Browniea serrata 81 2 61 108 34 48.1 5.55 Celtis aspera 20 2 90 160 51 10.0 6.71 Persites argutus 763 11 92 118 72 9.4 1.06 Zizyphoides flabella 206 6 102 143 73 9.7 2.06 Browniea serrata 181 2 75 133 42 48.1 3.71 Cercidiphyllum genetrix 531 3 93 149 58 28.2 1.95 PI, prediction interval, calculated as in Royer DL, Sack L, Wilf P, Lusk CH, Jordan GJ, Niinemets Ü, Wright IJ, Westoby M, Cariglino B, Coley PD, et al. (2007) Paleobiology 33:574-589. 2 g/m SI Dataset 1 Dataset 1. Complete dataset as a text file. Specimens with census numbers were collected, whereas those listed as "census" were tallied on the outcrop. Laminar size as defined by Webb (1): lepto, leptophyll; nano, nanophyll; micro, microphyll; noto, notophyll; meso, mesophyll; macro, macrophyll; mega, megaphyll. The two Tiffanian floras were scored for the presence or absence of each damage type. For the other three floras, the number of occurrences of each damage type (DT) was recorded. Hole-feeding damage types are from columns DT1 to DT78 inclusive; margin-feeding from DT12 to DT81; skeletonization from DT16 to DT79; surface-feeding from DT25 to DT82; galls from DT32 to DT125; mines from DT35 to DT104; and piercing and sucking is DT46. Piercing and sucking was scored for presence/absence because of the abundance of occurrences of piercing and sucking on individual leaves. USNM specimen 530967 is SW0503 #315; 530968 is SW0503 #281; 530969 is SW0503 #249; 530970 is SW0503 #212; 530971 is SW0503 #398; 530972 is SW0503 #103; 530973 is SW0503 #330; 530974 is SW0503 #562. 1. Webb LJ (1959) J Ecol 47:551-570. SI Methods Age Calibration for the Sites. The three Paleocene fossil localities were placed within the stratigraphic framework of Secord et al. (1). The two Tiffanian localities were previously placed in this framework and assigned ages (2). The Clarkforkian site is found at the same stratigraphic level as University of Michigan vertebrate locality SC233. This locality is 1,455 m above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, based on Gingerich's stratigraphic section for the southeast side of Polecat Bench (3). Assuming a constant sedimentation rate for Clarkforkian 3, the site was deposited 73.7% of the way through Clarkforkian 3, yielding an age of 55.9 Ma in the Secord et al. stratigraphy. The PETM flora is from the middle of the carbon isotope excursion, giving it an age of 55.75 (rounded to 55.8) Ma. The post-PETM flora has been placed at the 112-m level in the Antelope Creek Section of Clyde et al. (4). This section has the local base of the PETM (55.8 Ma) at -30 m and the local transition to C24n (53.808 Ma) at 455 m. The post-PETM flora can then be assigned an age of 55.2 Ma by using a simple linear interpolation. Paleotemperature Estimate for the Tiffanian. The majority of the mean annual paleotemperature estimates in Table 1 and Fig. 1 come from published leaf margin analyses of Bighorn Basin floras (5, 6). Significant warming between the Tiffanian and the late Clarkforkian has already been well documented in southern Wyoming (7) and in deep sea cores (8). However, no temporally well constrained estimates have been published for the Tiffanian in the Bighorn Basin because individual floras are species-poor. Here, we obtained a paleotemperature estimate for the late Tiffanian by compiling a list of all published plant species found in the Bighorn Basin during this interval (2, 9, 10) and then performing leaf margin analysis by using equations 2 and 4 of ref.11. Because the fossil plants come from Tiffanian 4 through Tiffanian 6, we place our paleotemperature estimate at the midpoint between the base of Tiffanian 4 and the top of Tiffanian 6. The error bars on the time axis extend through this entire interval. Only leaf morphotypes that have been assigned genus names were used in this study, to ensure continuity in plant identifications among different authors. Toothed plant species include "Ampelopsis" acerifolia, Aesculus hickeyi [this leaf type previously Carya antiquorum (12)], Beringiaphyllum cupanioides [previously Viburnum cupanioides (13)], Browniea serrata [previously Eucommia serrata and Dicotylophyllum anomalum (14)], Celtis aspera [previously Vibernum asperum (15)], "Celtis" peracuminata, Cercidiphyllum genetrix, Chaetoptelea microphylla, Crataegus sp., Corylus insignis, Davidia antiqua [previously Viburnum antiquum (16)], "Ficus" artocarpoides, Juglandiphyllites (formerly Pterocarya) glabra, "Meliosma" flexuosa, and Platanus raynoldsi. The species with entire leaves are Macginitiea gracilis [previously Platanus nobilis (17)], "Magnolia" borealis, "Magnolia" magnifica, "Nyssa" alata, Persites argutus, and "Sassafras" thermale. "Fraxinus" eocenica and Zizyphoides flabella may be either toothed or entire and are scored as 0.5, the intermediate value between toothed and entire species. Similar results were obtained by using only the plant species from USNM localities 42041 and 42042, although the error bars were larger because fewer species have been found at these sites. Therefore, we opted to derive the estimate from published lists, even though their exact stratigraphic placement within the Tiffanian is not as well established. 1. Secord R, Gingerich PD, Smith ME, Clyde WC, Wilf P, Singer BS (2006) Am J Sci 306:211-245. 2. Wilf P, Labandeira CC, Johnson KR, Ellis B (2006) Science 313:1112-1115. 3. Gingerich PD (2001) in Paleocene--Eocene Stratigraphy and Biotic Change in the Bighorn and Clarks Fork Basins, Wyoming, ed Gingerich PD (Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI), pp 37-71. 4. Clyde WC, Hamzi W, Finarelli JA, Wing SL, Schankler D, Chew A (2007) Geol Soc Am Bull 119:848859. 5. Wing SL, Bao H, Koch PL (2000) in Warm Climates in Earth History, eds Huber BT, MacLeod KG, Wing SL (Oxford Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 197-237. 6. Wing SL, Lovelock EC, Currano ED (2006) in Climate and Biota of the Early Paleogene (Bilbao, Spain) (Vol of Abstracts). 7. Wilf P (2000) Geol Soc Am Bull 112:292-307. 8. Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (2001) Science 292:686-693. 9. Hickey LJ (1980) in Early Cenozoic Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, ed Gingerich PD (Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI), pp 33-49. 10. Wing SL, Alroy J, Hickey LJ (1995) Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 115:117-155. 11. Wilf P (1997) Paleobiology 23:373-390. 12. Manchester SR (2001) Int J Plant Sci 162:985-998. 13. Manchester SR, Crane PR, Golovneva LB (1999) Int J Plant Sci 160:188-207. 14. Manchester SR, Hickey LJ (2007) Int J Plant Sci 168:229-249. 15. Manchester SR, Akhmetiev MA, Kodrul TM (2002) Int J Plant Sci 163:725-736. 16. Manchester SR (2002) Syst Bot 27:368-382. 17. Manchester SR (1986) Bot Gaz 147:200-226.