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Vertebrates Fish Phylum Chordata Vertebrates Bilateral symmetry Endoskeleton (bones) Closed circulatory system Complex brains and sense organs Efficient respiratory systems Fish Ectothermic –cold blooded –Body temperature same as surroundings MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. A Bony Fish Lateral line system Swim bladder Kidney Urinary bladder Scales Reproductive organ Fins Stomach Intestine Liver Heart Gills MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Protection by Deception = Nervous system Lateral line MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Reproduction –External in most –Female deposits eggs –Male spreads sperm over eggs MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Respiration Gills remove oxygen from water by diffusion Gill Filaments Water Capillary networks in filament Artery Vein Water MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Fishes have two-chambered hearts Aorta Gills Capillary network Heart MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Swim bladder, like balloon, lets air in or out to keep fish at any level in the water. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Vertebrates Amphibians Amphibians Ectothermic – Cold-blooded – Body temperature same as surroundings MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Frogs and Toads Digestion Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine cloaca Enzymes (proteins) in stomach digest food Liver makes bile – Bile breaks down fats – Stored in gall bladder Nutrients absorbed in small intestine Water absorbed in large intestine MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Excretion – Kidneys filter wastes from blood. – Wastes stored in bladder. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Nervous Sense of smell, sight, and hearing Sense organs nerves brain Tympanum – hearing MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Reproduction Sexual (requires egg and sperm) Must have water External fertilization Eggs are laid and fertilized in water Eggs do not have protective shell MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Metamorphosis Fertilized egg Tadpole with gills Tadpole with limbs and gills Young frog with tail Adult frog MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Eyes A Frog Tympanic membrane Backbone Fat bodies Intestine Tongue Vocal cords Lungs Legs MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Respiration Diffusion through skin (main way) Smooth skin must stay moist Tadpoles in water have gills Adults living on land have lungs MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Locomotion – Appendages (parts attached to body) Support – Skeleton MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Circulation Threechambered heart Left atrium, right atrium, one ventricle O2 in →CO2 out O2 into cells → CO2 out of cells MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium. Oxygen-poor blood from body enters right atrium. Blood mixed in ventricle and then pumped to body and lungs. Less efficient than a four chambered heart. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Vertebrates Reptiles Reptiles Ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Four Major Advantages Over Amphibians 1. Reptiles do not need water to keep skin moist. They have dry skin with scales Reptiles can live away from water Increases number of places reptiles can live MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. 2. Reptile legs are under body. Better able to move on land. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. 3. Internal fertilization Egg is fertilized by sperm inside female Increases chance that fertilization will happen MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. 4. Reptiles can lay their eggs on the land. They have an amniotic egg. Amnion Shell Chorion Yolk Alantois MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Amniote egg (Amniotic egg) Provides self-contained environment for embryo Covered by hard shell Amnion – holds and cushions embryo Yolk sac – food source Allantois – wastes collected and stored Chorion – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Vertebrates Birds Birds Endothermic – Warm-blooded – Body temperature usually remains about the same MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. The shape of a bird’s beak or bill gives clues to the kind of food the bird eats. Insects Seeds Meat MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. What food is this bird adapted to eat? MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. What food are these birds adapted to eat? Pelicans feeding on fish MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Digestion Mouth esophagus crop gizzard intestine cloaca – Crop – stores food – Gizzard –grinds food Rapid burning of food needed to produce a lot of energy for flight. Shape of beak determines food source MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Excretion Kidneys Filter uric acid from blood No bladder for storage of urine Solid and liquid excreted together MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Nervous Brain Cerebrum – muscle control and behavior Cerebellum – balance and coordination Optic lobe – vision, very good MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Behavior Territorial Defends nest MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Mating (Courtship behavior) Males use song, dance, and colorful plumage (feathers) to attract females. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Ostrich Courtship Bird Courtship Migration Movement of organisms from one place to another and back again Movement in response to a stimulus (length of day, weather, lack of food) MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Migration Nesting Innate behavior Born knowing how to do MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Nesting Reproduction Internal fertilization Amniotic egg MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Respiration Lungs and air sacs Air sacs provide extra oxygen Trachea Anterior air sacs Lung Anterior air sacs Posterior air sacs MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Support Lightweight skeleton Hollow bones MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Circulatory Four-chambered heart most efficient Blood from body (little oxygen) and lungs (a lot of oxygen) not mixed. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Vertebrates Mammals Mammals Endothermic vertebrates Circadian rhythms – 24 hour (day and night) cycle of behavior Body hair Nurse young Four-chambered heart Diaphragm for breathing MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Intro to Mammals Placental mammals Fully developed at birth Protected and nursed by mothers Gestation period Length of time for embryo to develop MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Polar Bears Development zygote embryo fetus newborn (baby) Fertilization MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Mammal behavior Territorial Space to live, reproduce, and find food Marked by scent (pheromones) Defend against intruders MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Hibernation Seek shelter to survive cold and lack of food Slow down body functions and rely on stored fat MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Grizzly Bear Grey Wolves and Dominance Hierarchy Communication Scent-marking (pheromones) Visual display Sound MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. Extra Studying The following chapters were cover in this PowerPoint, but it may be to your benefit to go and either read or re-read the follow chapters in your text book for better understanding of the topics covered in this PowerPoint. CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. Bibliography MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 30: NONVERTEBRATES CHORDATES, FISH, AND AMPHIBIANS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 766- 795). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 31: REPTILES AND BIRDS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 796- 819). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL. MILLER, K. R., & LEVINE, J. S. (2005). CHAPTER 32: MAMMALS. PRENTICE HALL BIOLOGY (NORTH CAROLINA ED., PP. 820- 847). UPPER SADDLE RIVER, N.J.: PRENTICE HALL.