Download Problems Related to Biomechanics - K

Motion Description Concepts and
Terminology – pp 28-40
• Objectives:
– Define and provide examples of linear, angular,
& general forms of motion
– Identify & describe reference positions, planes,
and axes associated with the human body
– Define & appropriately use directional terms &
joint movement terminology
Forms of motion (p 28-30)
– Linear - moves from one place to another, or
translates
• Rectilinear (straight-line) - ex. path of a dropped
ball
• Curvilinear (path is curved) - ex.: path of thrown
ball
– Rotary, or angular - movement is around a
restricted point, or axis, within the system. Ex:
all body segmental movements.
– General, or combination - movement is both
linear and rotary. Ex: movement of baseball bat
during the swing.
Overview of Movement Description
• Movement of a system within a frame of reference
• Before determining the nature of a
movement, the mechanical system of interest
must be defined.
• System may be a part of the body, the entire
body, or the body plus an implement, etc.
Standard Reference Terminology
Directional Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
•
•
•
•
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Joint Movement Terminology
• In anatomical position, all body segments
are considered to be positioned at zero
degrees.
– Sagittal Plane Movements
– Frontal Plane Movements
– Transverse Plane Movements
• Other Movements
Movement Planes and Axes
• Planes
(See Figure 2.3, p 33)
– Transverse (across), frontal (front and back sections),
and sagital (left and right sections)
• Axes
– mediolateral (side to side), anterio-posterior (front to
back), longitudinal, and diagonal (or oblique)
• Movements
– Flexion-extension (mediolateral axis, sagital plane)
» example: squats at the knee and hip
– Abduction-adduction (anterio-post axis, frontal plane)
» example: raising arm to side of shoulder
– Rotation (longitudinal axis, transverse plane)
» example: turning head to side
Movements in Sagital
Plane
Movements
In Frontal
Plane
Movements in
Transverse plane
Flexion-extension
Abductionadduction
Rotation:
Standard Reference Terminology
Anatomical Reference Position
• Erect standing position
– all body parts, including the palms of the
hands, facing forward; considered the
starting position for body segment
movements
Spatial Reference Systems
• Used to standardize the measurements taken
Cartesian Coordinate system
• Movements primarily in a single direction,
or planar, can be analyzed using a twodimensional Cartesian
– X (horizontal) direction
– Y (vertical) direction
• 3-dimensional by adding a z-axis