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Pascack Hills HS
Faculty
Whitfield, James
Env. Bio. Period #2
Excretion
Dr. James Whitfield, Ph.D.
Excretion
The biological process involved in the removal of
harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called
excretion
Excretion
The biological process involved in the removal of
harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called
excretion
Different organisms use different methods to
accomplish this
Excretion
The biological process involved in the removal of
harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called
excretion
Different organisms use different methods to
accomplish this
Many multi-cellular organisms remove waste by simple
diffusion from the body surface into the surrounding
water
Excretion
However, as with other biological process, complex
multi-cellular organisms (such as ourselves) use
specialized organs to perform this function
Excretion in Human Beings
The excretory system in human beings includes a pair
of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra
Excretion in Human Beings
The excretory system in human beings includes a pair
of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra
The kidney’s are located in the abdomen on either side
of the spinal column.
Excretion in Human Beings
The excretory system in human beings includes a pair
of kidney’s, a pair of ureters, a bladder and a urethra
The kidney’s are located in the abdomen on either side
of the spinal column.
Urine produced in the kidney’s passes through the
ureters, and is stored in the bladder until it is voided
from the body through the urethra
Old fashion surgery with significant scarring
Modern laparoscopic surgery with
Minimal scarring
How is Urine Produced?
The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products
out of the blood
Hoe is Urine Produced?
The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products
out of the blood
Nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid is removed
from the blood through the kidney’s
How is Urine Produced?
The purpose of making urine is to filter waste products
out of the blood
Nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid is removed
from the blood through the kidney’s
Therefore just like the lungs which as a small cluster of
thin-walled blood capillaries to allow for removal of
gaseous waste, the kidney’s also has clusters of
capillaries for the diffusion of nitrogenous wastes
How is Urine Produced?
The Nephron
How is Urine Produced?
The Nephron
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the
kidney. The nephron eliminates wastes from the body,
regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls
levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates
blood pH. Its functions are vital to life.
How is Urine Produced?
The Nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The
nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates
blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of
electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its
functions are vital to life.
The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains
numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine
How is Urine Produced?
The Nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The
nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates
blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of
electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its
functions are vital to life.
The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains
numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine
There are about 800,000 – 1.5 million nephron in each
human kidney
How is Urine Produced?
The Nephron
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The
nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood
volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and
metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to
life.
The nephron is a cupped shaped structure that contains
numerous capillary clusters used to collect filtered urine
There are about 1 million nephron in each human kidney
Some substances such as glucose, amino acids, salts and large
amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows
through the kidney
How is Urine Produced?
The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how
much excess water there is in the body and on how
much dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
How is Urine Produced?
The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how
much excess water there is in the body and on how
much dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
If you are dehydrated (not enough water) you excrete
very small amounts of highly concentrated urine
How is Urine Produced?
The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how
much excess water there is in the body and on how
much dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
If you are dehydrated (not enough water) you excrete
very small amounts of highly concentrated urine
If you are overly hydrated (to much water) you produce
copious amount of very dilute urine.
How is Urine Produced
Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the
ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary
bladder
How is Urine Produced
Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the
ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary
bladder
Urine is stored in the bladder (under pressure) until it
passes out of the body through the ureter
How is Urine Produced
Once the final urine product is produced, it enters the
ureter, which connects the kidney to the urinary
bladder
Urine is stored in the bladder (under pressure) until it
passes out of the body through the ureter
The external urinary sphincter muscle is under
nervous control. Therefore most time the urge to void
urine can be controlled for extended period of time
A normal human kidney left. The kidney weigh approximately
and is about 11-14 cm long. The kidneys above are greatly enlarged
and covered in large pockets of water as a result of polycystic kidney
disorders (PKD) While these enlargements are non-cancerous
they can impede the function of the kidney, dramatically
increase blood pressure and lead to renal failure. PKD is a genetic
disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder in which
Each parent has to carry the one copy of the defective PKHD1 gene
What is wrong here?
Nothing! – this is a normal cow kidney. The kidney along with the
stomach are the only major organs that looks different in different in different species
of mammals
Excretion in Plants
Pants use very different systems for excretion than
animals
Excretion in Plants
Pants use very different systems for excretion than
animals
Remember oxygen is a waste product in plants
(generated during photosynthesis) oxygen is released
through small opening in the bottom of the leaves
called stomates.
Excretion in Plants
Pants use very different systems for excretion than
animals
Remember oxygen is a waste product in plants
(generated during photosynthesis) oxygen is released
through small opening in the bottom of the leaves
called stomates.
Excess water is released though the process of
transpiration (also utilizing stomates)
Excretion in Plants
Many waste products are stored in vacuoles inside the
cells. Waste products stored in leaves simply fall off
Excretion in Plants
Many waste products are stored in vacuoles inside the
cells. Waste products stored in leaves simply fall off
Other waste products are stored as gums and resins in
the old xylem
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a
build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a
relatively short period of time
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a
build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a
relatively short period of time
In the case of kidney failure an artificial kidney may be
used
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
Failure if the kidney’s to work properly will lead to a
build up of toxic waste in the blood and death within a
relatively short period of time
In the case of kidney failure an artificial kidney may be
used
An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous
waste from the blood through the process of dialysis
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the
body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable
lining
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the
body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable
lining
The blood passes through a tank filled with dialysis
fluid with the same osmotic pressure of blood –
without the nitrogenous wastes
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
An artificial kidney works by passing blood from the
body through a series of tubes with a semi-permeable
lining
The blood passes through a tank filled with dialysis
fluid with the same osmotic pressure of blood –
without the nitrogenous wastes
As the blood passes through the tubes waste products
pass out of the blood into the dialysing fluid via
diffusion
Dialysis (Artificial Kidney)
The purified blood is pumped back into the patient
The human kidney filters about 180 L of blood a day
and excretes about 1 – 1.5 liters. Most of the filtrate is
reabsorbed by the body