Download Large Marine Ecosystems

LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Presented to: Marine Areas Beyond National
Jurisdictions (ABNJ), Regional Leaders Program
21 March-2 April 2016
United Nations, NYC, 25 March
Kenneth Sherman
NOAA - NMFS
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Large Marine Ecosystems are Naturally Formed
Coastal Ocean Management Areas
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ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA
USED TO DETERMINE
AREAL EXTENT OF LMES:
•  Bathymetry
•  Hydrography
•  Productivity
•  Trophodynamics
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80% OF THE WORLD’S FISHERIES CATCHES ARE
PRODUCED IN 66 LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
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Courtesy of Villy Christensen, UBC, Fisheries Centre
ESTIMATED
SOCIOECONOMIC VALUE
OF LMEs
Goods and Services Contribute
$12.6 Trillion Annually to the
Global Economy
Costanza et al. , NATURE, Vol. 287/ 15 May 1997
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Climate change
4
Introductions
3
Mechanical
habitat
destruction
Human
expansion
Altered
ecosystems
2
Pollution
1
Fishing
“Then”
“Now”
(from Jackson et al., Science vol. 293, 27 July 2001)
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LMEs are Global Centers of
Effort to Introduce Ecosystem
Based Management (EBM)
Practices in Support of
Sustaining Coastal Ocean
Goods and Services
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ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT:
A PARADIGM SHIFT
FROM
TO
Individual species
Ecosystems
Small spatial scale
Multiple scales
Short-term perspective
Long-term perspective
Humans: independent of
ecosystems
Humans: integral part of
ecosystems
Management divorced from
research
Adaptive management
Managing commodities
Sustaining production potential
for goods and services
From:
Lubchenco J. 1994. The scientific basis of ecosystem management: Ecosystem management: Status
and potential: 103rd Congress, 2d session, Committee Print. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Superintendent of Documents. 33-39
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Five LME Assessment Modules
•  Productivity
•  Fish and Fisheries
•  Pollution and Ecosystem Health
•  Socioeconomics
•  Governance
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LME – EBM Practices are Focused on :
•  Sustaining fisheries
•  Controlling pollution
•  Restoring habitats
•  Coastal planning
•  Adaptation to climate change
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Seminal LME
Published Volumes
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5 MODULES WITH INDICATORS
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Ecosystem Based Management of LMEs
Supported by Agreed Upon Coastal Ocean
Goals of 3 UN Environmental Summits
•  1992 Rio “Prevent, reduce, and control degradation
of the marine environment so as to maintain and
improve its life support and productive capacities”
•  2002 Johannesburg “Encourage the application by
2010 of the ecosystem approach”
•  2012 Rio +20 “We therefore commit to protect and
restore the health, productivity, and resilience of
oceans and marine ecosystems….”
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The Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Established in 1992 as a Program
to Support UNCED Goals
•  In 1995 the GEF Operational Guidelines support
LMEs as global Spatial Domains for advancing
toward Ecosystem Based Assessment and
Management Goals
•  The five Module LME Approach is adopted by the
GEF to Operationalize Ecosystem Based
Management (EBM)
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FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IS AVAILABLE TO
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO SUPPORT
LME-EBM PROJECTS FROM GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT FACILITY TRUST FUND
CONTINGENT ON SUCCESSFUL GRANT
PROPOSALS INCLUDING:
•  TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC
ANALYSIS (TDA)
•  STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN (SAP)
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Fusion Between LME Theory and
LME - Assessment and Management
5 Modules
Productivity
Fish &
Fisheries
Pollution &
Ecosystem
Health
Socioeconomic
Governance
Integrated
via TDA SAP
Practice
Process
The 15 Fastest
Warming
LMEs
(1982-2006
TO
EBM Practice
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GEF International Waters
Operational Strategy
Transboundary
Diagnostic Analyses
TDAs
Strategic Action
Plans
SAPs
Supports
LME
Approach
to EBM
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From Theory to Practice
GEF Financial Support For Planning &
Implementing EBM Goals in LMEs
1995-2014
$3.15 billion
2014-2018
$2.86 billion
Total EBM/LME
support to developing
countries
$6.01 billion
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Engaging with partners
•  5 UN Agencies
–  UNDP
–  UNEP
–  UNIDO
–  FAO
–  IOC UNESCO
•  2 NGOs
–  IUCN
–  WWF
•  2 Global Financial Institutions
–  Global Environment Facility
–  World Bank
•  110 countries moving toward ecosystembased sustainable development
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22 LMEs with GEF-Supported EBM
Projects since 1994
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Mr. Zhanhai Zhang, Director-General, Department of International Cooperation,
State Oceanic Administration, China, and Mr. Sang-Pyo Suh, Director, Economic
Organization & Environment Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
Republic of Korea, signed the statement of agreement approving the SAP at an
endorsement ceremony in China. Representatives from UNDP/GEF, the project
manager, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea participated as
observers of the signing.
Yellow Sea LME SAP: carrying capacity, ecosystem services,
and regional targets that maintain services
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Benguela Commission
Signing of the Interim Agreement in
2006; Angola signed in 2007.
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Going Forward to 2018
Assist LME Network in EBM coordination and integration of an
estimated $2.86 billion in GEF supported EBM projects in:
Fisheries recovery and sustainability
Pollution and ecosystem health
Habitat Recovery
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)
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LME Stress Reduction
Nutrients
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N inputs and transport by rivers to
Large Marine Ecosystems.
Natural
N2-fixation
Crop
N2-fixation
Fertilizer
Sewage
Atmospheric
Deposition
Manure
Symbols for diagram courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/
symbols), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.
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DIN inputs to LMEs from land-based
sources predicted by the NEWS DIN
model
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(Figure from Lee and Seitzinger( 2009).
Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in a Businessas-usual (BAU) Forecast
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Adaptation to Stress on
LMEs from
Climate Change
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Accelerated
Warming of
the World’s
LMEs in 61 of
63 LME
Assessments
The 15 fastest
warming LMEs
around the
globe
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From Behrenfeld et al. 2007
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Estimate of
2040 – 2060
primary
production
change (Pg-C
deg-1 yr-1 )
The global
effects of
climate warming
on primary
productivity are
projected by
latitude for the
years 240-2060.
The primary
productivity
The 15 Fastest
change
(Pg C
Warming
deg-1year-1)
LMEs
and temperature
(1982-2006
increase,
is
shown above for
six Atlantic
Ocean
Circulation
models.
Modified from
Sarmiento et al.
2004.
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30° North to 30° South Mitigating Action
• Circumglobal Belt of 29 LMEs at Risk from Projected Primary
Productivity Declines
• 29 LMEs annually produce 40.6mmt or 50.7% average annual biomass
yields
• 20 LMEs border GEF eligible countries
• 16 LMEs are subjects of present or completed GEF-LME EBM projects
• FAO Precautionary Principle implementation Serves as a Mitigation
Option
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“Today the LME approach is the
cornerstone of the GEF strategy for ocean
and coastal conservation, and the GEF is
the leading global funding source for
transboundary water systems.”
From Coast to Coast: Celebrating 20 Years of Transboundary Management of
Our Shared Oceans, Chapter 1 Sustaining the World’s Large Marine
Ecosystems (2015). GEF, Washington, DC. 178 p. ISBN 978-92-808-6068-9.
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“Working in partnership
with many countries and
institutions, GEF looks
forward to building on
successes to date to
ensure the sustainability of
our oceans for the benefit
of present and future
generations.”*
Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, The Global
Environment Facility
*From Foreword to From Coast to Coast: Celebrating
20 Years of Transboundary Management of Our Shared
Oceans (2015). GEF, Washington, DC. 178 p. ISBN
978-92-808-6068-9.
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