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LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT Presented to: Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdictions (ABNJ), Regional Leaders Program 21 March-2 April 2016 United Nations, NYC, 25 March Kenneth Sherman NOAA - NMFS 1 Large Marine Ecosystems are Naturally Formed Coastal Ocean Management Areas 2 ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA USED TO DETERMINE AREAL EXTENT OF LMES: • Bathymetry • Hydrography • Productivity • Trophodynamics 3 4 80% OF THE WORLD’S FISHERIES CATCHES ARE PRODUCED IN 66 LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 5 6 Courtesy of Villy Christensen, UBC, Fisheries Centre ESTIMATED SOCIOECONOMIC VALUE OF LMEs Goods and Services Contribute $12.6 Trillion Annually to the Global Economy Costanza et al. , NATURE, Vol. 287/ 15 May 1997 7 5 Climate change 4 Introductions 3 Mechanical habitat destruction Human expansion Altered ecosystems 2 Pollution 1 Fishing “Then” “Now” (from Jackson et al., Science vol. 293, 27 July 2001) 8 LMEs are Global Centers of Effort to Introduce Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) Practices in Support of Sustaining Coastal Ocean Goods and Services 9 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM TO Individual species Ecosystems Small spatial scale Multiple scales Short-term perspective Long-term perspective Humans: independent of ecosystems Humans: integral part of ecosystems Management divorced from research Adaptive management Managing commodities Sustaining production potential for goods and services From: Lubchenco J. 1994. The scientific basis of ecosystem management: Ecosystem management: Status and potential: 103rd Congress, 2d session, Committee Print. U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents. 33-39 10 Five LME Assessment Modules • Productivity • Fish and Fisheries • Pollution and Ecosystem Health • Socioeconomics • Governance 11 LME – EBM Practices are Focused on : • Sustaining fisheries • Controlling pollution • Restoring habitats • Coastal planning • Adaptation to climate change 12 Seminal LME Published Volumes 14 5 MODULES WITH INDICATORS 15 Ecosystem Based Management of LMEs Supported by Agreed Upon Coastal Ocean Goals of 3 UN Environmental Summits • 1992 Rio “Prevent, reduce, and control degradation of the marine environment so as to maintain and improve its life support and productive capacities” • 2002 Johannesburg “Encourage the application by 2010 of the ecosystem approach” • 2012 Rio +20 “We therefore commit to protect and restore the health, productivity, and resilience of oceans and marine ecosystems….” 16 The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Established in 1992 as a Program to Support UNCED Goals • In 1995 the GEF Operational Guidelines support LMEs as global Spatial Domains for advancing toward Ecosystem Based Assessment and Management Goals • The five Module LME Approach is adopted by the GEF to Operationalize Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) 17 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IS AVAILABLE TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO SUPPORT LME-EBM PROJECTS FROM GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY TRUST FUND CONTINGENT ON SUCCESSFUL GRANT PROPOSALS INCLUDING: • TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS (TDA) • STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN (SAP) 18 Fusion Between LME Theory and LME - Assessment and Management 5 Modules Productivity Fish & Fisheries Pollution & Ecosystem Health Socioeconomic Governance Integrated via TDA SAP Practice Process The 15 Fastest Warming LMEs (1982-2006 TO EBM Practice 19 GEF International Waters Operational Strategy Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses TDAs Strategic Action Plans SAPs Supports LME Approach to EBM 20 From Theory to Practice GEF Financial Support For Planning & Implementing EBM Goals in LMEs 1995-2014 $3.15 billion 2014-2018 $2.86 billion Total EBM/LME support to developing countries $6.01 billion 21 Engaging with partners • 5 UN Agencies – UNDP – UNEP – UNIDO – FAO – IOC UNESCO • 2 NGOs – IUCN – WWF • 2 Global Financial Institutions – Global Environment Facility – World Bank • 110 countries moving toward ecosystembased sustainable development 22 22 LMEs with GEF-Supported EBM Projects since 1994 23 24 Mr. Zhanhai Zhang, Director-General, Department of International Cooperation, State Oceanic Administration, China, and Mr. Sang-Pyo Suh, Director, Economic Organization & Environment Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea, signed the statement of agreement approving the SAP at an endorsement ceremony in China. Representatives from UNDP/GEF, the project manager, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea participated as observers of the signing. Yellow Sea LME SAP: carrying capacity, ecosystem services, and regional targets that maintain services 25 Benguela Commission Signing of the Interim Agreement in 2006; Angola signed in 2007. 26 Going Forward to 2018 Assist LME Network in EBM coordination and integration of an estimated $2.86 billion in GEF supported EBM projects in: Fisheries recovery and sustainability Pollution and ecosystem health Habitat Recovery Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) 27 LME Stress Reduction Nutrients 28 N inputs and transport by rivers to Large Marine Ecosystems. Natural N2-fixation Crop N2-fixation Fertilizer Sewage Atmospheric Deposition Manure Symbols for diagram courtesy of the Integration and Application Network (ian.umces.edu/ symbols), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. 29 DIN inputs to LMEs from land-based sources predicted by the NEWS DIN model 30 (Figure from Lee and Seitzinger( 2009). Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in a Businessas-usual (BAU) Forecast 31 Adaptation to Stress on LMEs from Climate Change 32 Accelerated Warming of the World’s LMEs in 61 of 63 LME Assessments The 15 fastest warming LMEs around the globe 33 From Behrenfeld et al. 2007 34 Estimate of 2040 – 2060 primary production change (Pg-C deg-1 yr-1 ) The global effects of climate warming on primary productivity are projected by latitude for the years 240-2060. The primary productivity The 15 Fastest change (Pg C Warming deg-1year-1) LMEs and temperature (1982-2006 increase, is shown above for six Atlantic Ocean Circulation models. Modified from Sarmiento et al. 2004. 35 30° North to 30° South Mitigating Action • Circumglobal Belt of 29 LMEs at Risk from Projected Primary Productivity Declines • 29 LMEs annually produce 40.6mmt or 50.7% average annual biomass yields • 20 LMEs border GEF eligible countries • 16 LMEs are subjects of present or completed GEF-LME EBM projects • FAO Precautionary Principle implementation Serves as a Mitigation Option 36 “Today the LME approach is the cornerstone of the GEF strategy for ocean and coastal conservation, and the GEF is the leading global funding source for transboundary water systems.” From Coast to Coast: Celebrating 20 Years of Transboundary Management of Our Shared Oceans, Chapter 1 Sustaining the World’s Large Marine Ecosystems (2015). GEF, Washington, DC. 178 p. ISBN 978-92-808-6068-9. 37 “Working in partnership with many countries and institutions, GEF looks forward to building on successes to date to ensure the sustainability of our oceans for the benefit of present and future generations.”* Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, The Global Environment Facility *From Foreword to From Coast to Coast: Celebrating 20 Years of Transboundary Management of Our Shared Oceans (2015). GEF, Washington, DC. 178 p. ISBN 978-92-808-6068-9. 38