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CHAPTER 21
BLOOD
1
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Water
92% by
weight
Whole
blood
1 Withdraw blood into a syringe and
place it into a glass centrifuge tube.
Proteins
Other solutes
7% by weight 1% by weight
Albumins 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins
<1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
Leukocytes
Platelets
4.5–11 thousand
150–400 thousand
per cubic mm
55% per cubic mm
<1%
Neutrophils
50–70%
Lymphocytes
20–40%
Centrifuge
44%
Monocytes
2–8%
Eosinophils
Basophils
1–4%
0.5–1%
Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
4.2–6.2 million
per cubic mm
Formed
elements
2 Place the tube into a centrifuge and 3 Components of blood separate during centrifugation to reveal
plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes.
spin for about 10 minutes.
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Water
92% by
weight
55%
<1%
44%
Proteins
7% by weight
Other solutes
1% by weight
Albumins 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins
<1%
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products
Buffy Coat
4
Fig. 21.1
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
Platelets
150–400 thousand
per cubic mm
Leukocytes
4.5–11 thousand
per cubic mm
Lymphocytes
20–40%
55%
<1%
Neutrophils
50–70%
Basophils
0.5–1%
44%
Monocytes
2–8%
Eosinophils
1–4%
Fig. 21.1
Plasma (55% of whole blood)
Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood)
55%
<1%
44%
Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)
Erythrocytes
4.2–6.2 million per cubic mm
Fig. 21.2
Lymphocyte
Erythrocytes
Neutrophil
LM 640x
Monocytes
Platelets
Fig. 21.3
Sectional view
~0.75 µm
~280 million
hemoglobin
molecules
Superior view
~2.6 µm
~7.5 µm
• Red blood cell shape enables them to bend
while going through capillaries
• Lots of surface area for gas exchange.
Fig. 21.3
• Some diseases
cause RBCs to
stick together,
forming a
roleau
Rouleau
LM 250x
Erythrocytes
Fig. 21.4
Hemoglobin molecule
α2 globin
chain
H3C
β1 globin
chain
CH2CH2COOH
N
CH2CH2COOH
H2C=CH
N
Fe
N
H3C
CH3
N
H2C=CH
CH3
Heme (a ringed
molecule with iron
ion [Fe2+] in the
center)
β2 globin
chain
α1 globin
chain
Fig. 21.4
Hemoglobin molecule
• Hemoglobin binds to
oxygen and carbon
dioxide
• binds less well to
carbon dioxide
α2 globin
chain
β1 globin
chain
Heme (a ringed
molecule with iron
ion [Fe2+] in the
center)
β2 globin
chain
α1 globin
chain
Fig. 21.5
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Fig. 21.5
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
2 Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days.
Fig. 21.5
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
2 Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days.
Liver
Spleen
3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.
Fig. 21.5
4
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
Heme components of blood are recycled.
2 Erythrocytes circulate in
bloodstream for 120 days.
Heme
Heme
converted
into bilirubin.
and secreted
in bile
(iron
ions)
Iron is stored
in the liver.
3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.
Fig. 21.5
1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.
5 Erythrocyte
membrane proteins
and globin proteins
are broken down
into amino acids.
4
Heme components of blood are recycled.
2 Erythrocytes circulate
in bloodstream for
120 days.
Heme
Heme
converted
into bilirubin.
and secreted
in bile
(iron
ions)
Iron is stored
in the liver.
3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized
in the liver and spleen.
Table 21.3a
LM 1600x
LM 1600x
Neutrophil
LM 1600x
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
• White blood cells
are made in the
bone marrow
• All derive from one
type of germ cell
LM 1600x
Basophil
LM 400x
Monocyte
Fig. 21.9
Platelets
Fibrin
Erythrocytes
SEM 5000x
• Platelets stick to injured blood vessel, create pile of
platelets, begin clotting process
• Fibrin collects over platelets and trapped
erythrocytes, creates clot or scab