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Chapter 3 McGraw Hill Biology 11: Cells Energy and Technology
3.1 Cells Matter and Energy
 Energy: __________________________
o
Potential energy: ______________________________
o
Chemical Energy: ______________________________
o
Kinetic energy: ________________________________
 Metabolism: all of the chemical reactions in the cell
o
Anabolism: building reactions (synthesis- hydrolysis)
o
Catabolism: breaking down reactions (dehydration reactions)

ANSWER p. 82 #2, 4, 8
3.2 The Process of Photosynthesis
Name the chemicals in the following reaction. Complete the reaction by writing in the missing
information on the reaction arrow.
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
2 stages:
1). Photo: light stage
-chemical energy is supplied
2). Synthesis: making stage (dark reaction)
-chemical energy is stored
Pigments- molecules that absorb specific colours of light
Chlorophyll- a green pigment that absorbs all light but green light
Why is this?
 light can be transmitted (pass through), reflected (bounce off) or absorbed
 a green substance reflects green light and either transmits or absorbs all other
wavelengths
 see Figure 3.8 p. 86 and Figure 3.9 p. 88
Chlorophyll’s Role:
1). Absorbs red, violet, and blue light
2). Converts absorbed energy into a form that the synthesis reactions can use.
 Chlorophyll can be used over and over again like an enzyme.
The Chloroplast
- thylakoid membranes are stacked to increase surface area
- chlorophyll is contained within the chloroplast
The Light Reaction: see Figure 3.11 p. 89
Light energy enters the chloroplast (as it is translucent) and is absorbed by the chlorophyll
contained within the thylakoid. The light causes water to break apart releasing oxygen (waste) and
hydrogens which are further broken to make protons and electrons. The protons increase the charge
in the membrane and eventually produce ATP.
 ATP is adenosine triphosphate and is the molecule of chemical energy in all cell
processes.
The Dark Reaction: also known as the Calvin Cycle


ATP bonds the protons to CO2
6 carbon dioxide molecules combine
with 12 protons to make the simple
sugar

Answer p. 91 #4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 16
Section 3.3 The Process of Cellular Respiration

Can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen)

Some organisms can only perform anaerobic respiration
see Figure 3.14 p. 93
Aerobic respiration:

a series of reactions
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glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
and the sugar is broken into 2
pyruvate molecules (2 ATP are
released)
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transition (2 ATP released)

Krebs cycle occurs in the
mitochondrion on the cristae
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Electron transport chain passes
electrons to oxygen and releases 32
to 34 ATP of energy

End products are water, carbon
dioxide and 36 ATP
Fermentation

Only glycolysis …no krebs cycle …only 4 ATP produced

Also called anaerobic respiration

End products are CO2 and either lactic acid (animals) or alcohol (plants)

Glucose becomes pyruvic acid (2 ATP released)

Pyruvic acid becomes lactate (2 ATP released)

Oxygen debt is when cells are oxygen deficient---result in heavy breathing when excercising
and can lead to muscle cramps
Fermentation in microorganisms

Yeast- bread rises as the yeast undergo fermentation and release CO2

Cheese has its flavour due to specific types of bacteria fermenting
 Answer p. 106 #1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8
Chapter 2 and 3 Test: ______________________
Review: p. 75#5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 19, 23
p. 107#2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 26, 30, 33, 34