Download Review Number 6 - Sewanhaka Central High School District

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1500s-1600s)
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Thinking is based on observation, experimentation, and questioning of old ideas
o Influenced by the spirit of the Renaissance
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Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish scholar) challenges the geocentric (Earth centered) model of the universe
held by ancient Greco-Roman scientists and the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages
o Using mathematical formulas, Copernicus suggested a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe
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In the 1600s, Galileo Galilei proved
the heliocentric theory by using a
telescope he had constructed
o Observed spots on the sun and
the four moons revolving
around Jupiter
o Findings angered the Church
because it contradicted their
teachings about the world
 Galileo was put on
trial by the Inquisition
and forced to recant
(take back his ideas)
English scholar Isaac Newton used
math to prove the existence of a force
that kept the planets in their orbits
around the sun—gravity
o Came up with the theory that
nature follows laws
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Francis Bacon’s methods of
experimentation led to the scientific
method
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Frenchman Rene Descartes emphasized the power of the human mind and believed that reason, rather
than tradition, should be the way to discover truth
Impact: Led to advances in medicine and astrology and influenced the Enlightenment
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THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1700s)
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Closely followed the Scientific Revolution (ideas that develop in one activity will influence other aspects
of life)
o Both encouraged the spread of new ideas
People rejected traditional ideas and supported the belief that logical thought can lead to the truth
Enlightenment Ideas:
o All individuals have NATURAL RIGHTS
o The use of REASON would lead to human progress
Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by applying
REASON and the LAWS OF NATURE
John Locke (wrote Two Treatises of Government)
o all people are born with natural rights—life, liberty, & property
o governments should be based on the consent of the people
o the chief role of government was to protect natural rights; if govt. fails to do so, people should
overthrow it
Rousseau (wrote The Social Contract)
o believed people are natural good, but are corrupted by the evils of society
o people should create laws and obey them; what is good for everyone is more important than
what is good for one person
Montesquieu (wrote The Spirit of the Laws)
o believed in the separation of powers—executive, legislative, judicial
o separation of powers would create a system of checks & balances—this way no person or group
could gain too much power
Voltaire
o believed in free speech
o criticized the French government and the Catholic Church for failure to permit religious
toleration and intellectual freedom
The writings of Jean Jacques ROUSSEAU, Baron de MONTESQUIEU, and John LOCKE were similar in
that each supported the principles of a DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu influenced movements for POLITICAL REFORM
IMPACT: affected leaders and the development of nations
o Enlightened despots were absolute rulers who accepted Enlightenment ideas and used their
powers to reform society
 Maria Theresa- Austrian ruler who forced nobles and clergy to pay taxes and made
primary education available to children in her kingdom
 Joseph II- Maria Theresa’s son, who modernized Austria’s government, implemented legal
reforms, practiced religious toleration, ended censorship, and abolished serfdom
 Frederick the Great- Prussian ruler who reduced the use of torture, allowed free press,
reformed civil service system, and simplified laws
 Catherine the Great- Russian ruler who asked for advice from nobles, free peasants, and
townspeople; built schools, promoted women’s education, extended religious tolerance
 In the end, most enlightened despots only wanted more power for themselves
o Inspired a sense of individualism, a belief in personal freedom, and a sense of equality
o GROWTH OF NATIONALISM THAT LEADS TO AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (American, French,
Latin American)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1800)
Causes of the Revolution:
 France was under the control of an
absolute monarchy which denied basic
rights and any say in government
 Since Middle Ages, everyone in France
belonged to one of three social classes
called estates:
o First Estate: Clergy
o Second Estate: Rich nobles
 Held most wealth, did not
pay taxes, and enjoyed
special rights/privileges
o Third Estate: included a bourgeoisie=middle class, poor city workers, and rural peasants
 Owned most land, paid all taxes, earned poor wages, had no say in government
 Louis XIV left France deeply in debt (built lavish Palace of Versailles and entered France into costly wars)
o Spent more money than it earned=deficit spending
o Bad harvests caused food prices to rise
 Peasant and city workers were often starving and began to riot, demanding bread
 Enlightenment ideas led many French to question the traditional way of ordering society
 England’s Glorious Revolution and America’s Revolutionary War served as examples
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King Louis XVI calls Estates General, a body made up
of representatives of all three estates, into session
National Assembly is formed by members of Third
Estate
o After finding their meeting hall locked, they
gathered at a nearby tennis court
 Tennis Court Oath: pledged to meet
until a constitution was created
 July 14, 1789
Storming
of
Bastille:
Parisians
broke
into
prison to
get
weapons
believed
to be
inside
*
**
*France went to war with European countries (England, Austria, Prussia, Russia) to spread the revolution
**Reign of Terror is led by Robespierre—targeted those who resisted revolution (used guillotine); Reign of
Terror crossed social and economic boundaries
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Napoleon Bonaparte restores order & stability in France and puts himself in charge as Emperor
(supported by French public)
o Napoleon held absolute power
Achievements: balanced budget, equal taxes for all, set up national bank and schools
o Napoleonic Code: legal code that included Enlightenment ideas
 legal equality of citizens and religious toleration
o Napoleon expanded his empire and replaced monarchs of defeated nations with his friends &
relatives
o Only Great Britain and Russia remained out of Napoleon’s reach
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Napoleon’s empire began to crumble
due to:
o nationalism of conquered people
o Napoleon’s invades Russia with
limited supplies
 Russians retreated burning crops
and villages (scorched earth)
 Defeated because of geographic
size, location, harsh climate, and
severe winters of Russia
 European nations defeat
Napoleon at Battle of Waterloo
Congress of Vienna (1815): European leaders met to devise a peace settlement and bring back order and
stability to Europe
o Prince von Metternich of Austria was dominant figure at the conference (conservative: preserve
traditional ways)
o Goals: establish balance of power, prevent France from going to war again, return Europe to the
way it was in 1792, before Napoleon, create long lasting peace
o Actions: redraw map of Europe to strengthen countries around France, restored power to
monarchs, established peace in Europe for a while
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
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HAITI: French planters owned large sugar plantations with 500,000 slaves working in terrible conditions
o French gave few rights to free mulattoes (persons of mixed ancestry)
o 1791: Self-educated former slave named Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave revolt
 Gained control of much of the island
 Haitian slaves won freedom in 1798
o 1802: Napoleon sent an army to Haiti to regain control
 Toussaint led a guerrilla war to gain Haitian independence
 French captured Toussaint but yellow fever took a toll on French troops
 1804: Haiti gains its independence when Napoleon abandons the island
MEXICO
o Father Miguel Hidalgo, a creole priest, calls for freedom from Spanish rule in his speech “el Grito
de Dolores” (the cry of Dolores)—asks Mexicans to fight for independence
o Father Jose Morelos led rebel forces after Hidalgo’s death
o Agustin de Iturbide (backed by creoles, mestizos, and Natives) overthrew Spanish ruler
o Mexico gains independence in 1821
SOUTH AMERICA
o Early 1800s: educated creole named Simon Bolivar led resistance movements against Spain
 Called “the Liberator”
 Led a series of military campaigns that won independence for Venezuela, New Granada
(present-day Colombia), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
 Joined forces with Jose de San Martin, who had defeated the Spanish in Argentina and
Chile
 FAILED IN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A LARGE, UNITED LATIN AMERICAN STATE
(GRAN-COLOMBIA) BECAUSE OF REGIONS DIVERSE LANDFORMS (i.e.
mountains, rainforests, etc.)
1. Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?
1. The existence of natural laws was rejected.
2. Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.
3. New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.
4. The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.
2. Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution?
1. social stability and economic self-sufficiency
2. observation and experimentation
3. technology and military expansion
4. scarcity and interdependence
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment?
(1) The king is sacred and answers only to God.
(2) History is a continuous struggle between social classes.
(3) Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed.
(4) All individuals have natural rights.
9. One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that
(1) absolute monarchies should continue
(2) the punishment should fit the crime
(3) individual rights should be denied
(4) governments should be based on the consent of the people
10. According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to
(1) protect natural rights
(2) fight territorial wars
(3) ensure the wealth of citizens
(4) redistribute land
Base your answer to the following question on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
. . . The Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure the Safety of every Citizen as much as possible.
. . . The Equality of the Citizens consists in this; that they should all be subject to the same Laws. . . .
— Documents of Catherine the Great, W.F.Reddaway, ed., Cambridge University Press (adapted)
11. These ideas of Catherine the Great of Russia originated during the
(1) Age of Exploration
(2) Age of Enlightenment
(3) Protestant Reformation
(4) French Revolution
12. Which period of history had the greatest influence on the Enlightenment ideas of natural law and reason?
(1) Pax Romana
(2) Middle Ages
(3) Age of Exploration
(4) Scientific Revolution
13. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th century uprisings in
(1) Latin America
(2) the Middle East
(3) Vietnam
(4) Japan
14. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by
(1) relying on faith and divine right
(2) borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome
(3) applying reason and the laws of nature
(4) studying the practices of successful leaders
15. Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment?
(1) The use of reason would lead to human progress.
(2) Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems.
(3) The ancient Romans had the best form of government.
(4) People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.
16. The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most influenced
(1) the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church
(2) improvements in the working conditions of factory workers
(3) the rise of industrial capitalism
(4) movements for political reform
17. One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they
(1) encouraged the spread of new ideas
(2) strengthened traditional institutions
(3) led to the Protestant Reformation
(4) rejected Renaissance individualism
“. . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the
general good. . . .”
—Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789
18. Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French
Revolution?
(1) natural law
(2) nationalism
(3) free trade
(4) socialism
19. The writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke were similar in that each
supported the principles of
(1) a military dictatorship
(2) an autocracy
(3) a theocratic society
(4) a democratic republic
20. The writings of the 18th-century French philosophers Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire influenced the
(1) policies of the enlightened despots
(2) start of the Neolithic Revolution
(3) success of the German unification movement
(4) spread of imperialism to Africa and Asia
21. Which solution would Baron de Montesquieu offer to avoid the enactment of tyrannical laws?
(1) granting freedom of speech
(2) reinstating absolute monarchies
(3) separating the branches of government
(4) limiting natural laws
22. One similarity of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment is that both
(1) had the support of the Roman Catholic Church
(2) placed great value on traditional beliefs
(3) emphasized the value of human reasoning
(4) contributed to the end of feudalism
23. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from
(1) divine right rulers
(2) the middle class
(3) a strong military
(4) those who are governed
24. A major concept promoted by philosophers of the Enlightenment was the need for
(1) a return to traditional medieval ideas
(2) the use of reason for rational and logical thinking
(3) overseas expansion by western European nations
(4) strengthening the power of the organized religions
25. Which group made up the vast majority of French society in the 1780s?
1.
2.
3.
4.
the clergy
the First Estate
the nobles
the Third Estate
26. Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on their
1. education level
2. geographic region
3. social class
4. religious beliefs
27. Which list of French leaders is in the correct chronological order?
1. Louis XVI → Napoleon → Robespierre
2. Robespierre → Napoleon →> Louis XVI
3. Louis XVI → Robespierre →> Napoleon
4. Napoleon → Louis XVI → Robespierre
28. What was a major cause of the French Revolution?
1. inequalities in the tax structure
2. economic success of mercantilism
3. failure of the Congress of Vienna
4. Continental System in Europe
29. Which of these events related to the French Revolution occurred first?
1. Napoleon became emperor of France.
2. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was issued.
3. Louis XVI called the Estates General into session.
4. The Committee of Public Safety led the Reign of Terror.
30. What contributed to France's financial crisis in the 1780s?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A drop in the gold supply left the treasury almost empty
France lost its colonies in South America
War with Russia strained the treasury
The government spent more money than it collected
31. Why were French kings hesitant to call on the Estates General?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Estates General led the government to bankruptcy in the 1600s
It was viewed as a sign of weakness by the populace
The Estates General only represented the First Estate
They feared nobles would use it to recover feudal powers
32. The Constitution of 1791 set up which form of government?
1.
2.
3.
4.
a limited monarchy
an absolute monarchy
a democracy
a republic
33. European rulers opposed the French Revolution because
1.
2.
3.
4.
it promoted the French monarchy
they were afraid that revolutionary ideas would spread to their own countries
it granted more power to the French Catholic Church
the disruptions in France threatened world trade
34. A comparison of the actions of the Jacobins during the French Revolution and the actions of the Bolsheviks
during the Russian Revolution indicates that revolutions sometimes
(1) occur in a peaceful manner
(2) gain the support of wealthy landowners
(3) ignore urban workers
(4) bring radicals to power
35. One similarity between the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution and the Cultural Revolution in
China was that both
(1) limited the power of absolute leaders
(2) illustrated the power of public opinion in forming national policy
(3) established social stability and economic growth
(4) used violent methods to eliminate their opponents
36. Which action taken by both Hitler and Napoleon is considered by historians to be a strategic military error?
(1) invading Russia with limited supply lines
(2) introducing combined ground and naval assaults
(3) invading Great Britain by land
(4) using conquered peoples as slave laborers
37. Which factors protected Russia from control by Napoleon’s army?
(1) religious and cultural similarities
(2) industrialization and modernization
(3) geographic size and location
(4) political and economic instability
38. Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at
Stalingrad in 1943?
(1) Siberian tundra
(2) Caspian Sea
(3) arid land
(4) harsh climate
39. Which statement describes a similarity between the French Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution in
Russia?
(1) The leaders in power before the revolutions favored changing the political system in their country.
(2) Both revolutions were the result of government denial of basic human rights and stressful economic
conditions.
(3) Most of the revolutionary support was provided by radicals from other countries.
(4) The new democracies created by the revolutions gave people greater representation in their
governments.
40. The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would
(1) adopt the ideas of the Protestant Reformation
(2) restore Louis XVI to power
(3) provide stability for the nation
(4) end British control of France
41. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule
of Napoleon by attempting to
(1) restore old regimes to power
(2) spread the idea of democracy
(3) encourage nationalist movements
(4) promote the European free-trade zone
42. One of the main purposes of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) was to
(1) promote the unification of Italy
(2) preserve the German territories gained by Otto von Bismarck
(3) restore the power of the Holy Roman Empire
(4) establish a balance of power in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon
43. A major goal of the Congress of Vienna was to
(1) establish democratic governments in all European nations
(2) maintain a balance of power in Europe
(3) return Napoleon Bonaparte to power
(4) create independent governments for Austria and Hungary
44. Why did the Congress of Vienna redraw the boundaries of some European countries?
1. to prevent French expansion
2. to reduce the number of countries
3. to distribute land more fairly
4. to prevent the growth of nationalism
Base your answer to the question on the graphic organizer below and on your knowledge of social studies.
45. Which title best completes this graphic organizer?
1. Reasons for Latin American Independence Movements
2. Impact of the Scientific Revolution
3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
4. Results of Nationalism in Europe
46. A study of the revolutions in Latin America in the 19th century would show that
(1) religion was a major cause of the conflicts
(2) Spanish-born peninsulares led most of the Latin American uprisings
(3) nationalism had little influence on the outcome
(4) events in North America and Europe influenced Latin Americans
47. Which social class controlled most of the political, economic, and social power in colonial Latin America?
1. creoles
2. mestizos
3. peninsulares
4. native people
48. Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?
1. Creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule.
2. Revolutions occurred in North America and France.
3. The Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power.
4. Nations of Latin America won independence.
49. Which diagram shows the correct social hierarchy of Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere?
1.
3.
50. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the
1. dominance of Spanish-born nobility
2. emerging equality between classes
3. influence of mestizo economic power
4. increasing social mobility of Native American Indians
51. Simón Bolívar, José de San Martin, and Toussaint L’Ouverture are best known as
1. scientists who supported the heliocentric theory
2. leaders of Latin American independence movements
3. early Spanish explorers of the New World
4. communist leaders of the 19th century
52. Which was a major political change in Latin America in the 19th century?
1. The political power of the Roman Catholic Church was eliminated.
2. The right to vote was extended to all people.
3. Political power continued to be held by people of European ancestry.
4. Strong nationalistic feelings led to many new nations.
53. “The Andes Mountains isolated the Incas and also defeated the dream of Gran Columbia.”
This statement indicates that
1. fighting over natural resources undermines nationalism
2. a common language and religion are important in modern nations
3. cultural diversity is aided by subsistence agriculture
4. the natural environment helps to shape political development
54. Which geographic feature made it difficult to unify South America?
(1) Andes Mountains
(2) Straits of Magellan
(3) Gulf of Mexico
(4) Argentinian pampas