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1. How did people long ago develop calendars? 1. They studied predictable cycles in the sky. 2. Why do scientists think that the people who built Stonehenge had a good understanding of the Sun and the seasons? 2. It has stones that point to the rising and setting of the Sun or the Moon on certain days of the year. 3. Why do telescopes in space get a more complete picture of space objects? 3. They are beyond Earth’s atmosphere so the images are more clear. 4. How are the telescopes Keck I and Keck II in our textbook different from a radio telescope? 4. The Keck telescopes use mirrors to collect light. 5. What type of galaxy has a center filled with stars and arms spiraling outward from the center? 5. A spiral galaxy has a center made of many stars and arms. 6. a. Which layer of the Sun has sunspots? 6. a. The Photosphere. 6. b. Why do Sunspots look darker than the rest of the layer? 7. New stars form in a Cloud of gas and dust called a.. b. They look dark because they are cooler than the rest of the layer. 7. Nebula 8. How did Isaac Newton’s telescope improve upon earlier telescopes? 8. Newton’s telescope used a curved mirror to make objects appear sharper. 9. What type of galaxy has a shape somewhat like a football? 9. Elliptical galaxies are shaped like footballs. 10. Why can people in the United States see the constellation Canis Major only in the winter? 10. As Earth moves around the Sun, different parts of the sky come into view. 11. Describe two discoveries that Galileo Galilei was able to make by using his telescope to study objects in the sky. 11. Galileo Galilei discovered that Jupiter had four moons orbiting it and that Venus had phases like our Moon. 12. How are the Milky Way and the constellation Centaurus similar? 12. SIMILARITY They are both groups of stars in the sky. DIFFERENCE Centaurus is made up of a small number of stars arranged in a pattern, but the Milky Way is a galaxy with a huge number of stars held together by gravity. 13. a. Compare the size of the Sun to Earth and to other stars in the sky. b. Explain how the color of a star relates to the temperature of the star and the brightness of the star. 13. a. It would take 1 million Earths to fill the inside of the Sun. Compared to other stars our Sun is medium sized. b. The red stars are the coolest (about 2,500 degrees). The yellow and orange stars are medium temperature. The blue and white stars are hottest (about 5,000 degrees). The hotter the star the brighter it is. 14. What type of star is 170 times its normal size and has used up all of its hydrogen? 14. A Red giant 15. What type of star has used up all of its hydrogen and helium as it is slowly cooling down? 15. A White Dwarf 16. What type of star is completely cooled and has shrunken to the size of a city, 22km? 16. A Black Dwarf 17. What type of star has already gone through a supernova and now has only neutrons left? 17. A Neutron Star