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Lecture on Gluconeogenesis www.AssignmentPoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com Overview of gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from other substrates. Like many metabolic pathways it happens mostly in the liver, and is triggered by the action of insulin. Gluconeogenesis begins with various substrates converted into pyruvate.and this proceed though what is essentially the reverse of glycosis(except for a few committed steps). 3 and 4-carbon substrates can enter the gluconeogenesis pathway. Lactate from anaerobic exercise in skeletal muscle is easily converted to pyruvate; this happens as part of the Cori cycle. www.assignmentpoint.com Overview of gluconeogenesis • Oxaloacetate (an intermediate in the citric acid cycle can also be used for gluconeogenesis. Amino acids, after their amino group has been removed, feed into parts of the citric acid cycle, and can thus can generate glucose in this pathway. • Fatty acids cannot be turned into glucose, as they are broken down into the two carbon acetyl CoA. (However glycerol which is a part of all triacylglycerides can be used in gluconeogenesis). www.assignmentpoint.com Stage3 Amphibolic pathway: a metabolic pathway that functions in both anabolism and catabolism Stage2 Stage1 www.assignmentpoint.com -4650 Stage1:to invest 2 ATP Stage2:to produce 4 ATP and 2NADH -3031 -3040 -2600 -2571 -2562 -1758 -917 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 4H+ +2H2O =glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 6Pi 2 pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH + 4H+ + 6H2O =glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2NAD+ + 6Pi Total: 6 molecules ATP, 2 molecules NADH www.assignmentpoint.com 2mol pyruvate 2mol Phosphoenolpyruvate 2mol 2phosphoglycerate 2mol 3phosphoglycerate 2mol 1,3Bisphosphglycereate 2mol Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate 1 mol Fructose-1,6bisphosphate 1 mol Fructose-6phosphate 1mol Glucose -250 DG°' = +73.3 kJ/mol DG°' = - 47.6 kJ/mol The special reactions Pyruvate+ CO2 + H2O + ATP= oxaloacetate ΔGº’ kJ/mol +ADP+ Pi + 2H+ -2.1 Oxaloacetate+GTP= Phosphoenolpyruvate+ +2.9 CO2 +GDP Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate+ H2O= Fructose-16.3 6-phosphate+ Pi Glucose-6-phosphate+ H2O=Glucose+ Pi -12.1 www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com Fuitle cycle glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 6Pi =2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 4H+ + 2H2O DG°' = -73.3 kJ/mol 2 pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH + 4H+ + 6H2O = glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP+ 2NAD++6Pi DG°' = - 47.6 kJ/mol Total:2ATP+2GTP+4H2O = 2ADP + 2GDP+6Pi DG°' = -121 kJ/mol Fuitle cycle:a set of opposing reactions that can be arranged in a cycle, but usually do not occur simultaneously; functioning of such reactions in both directions is avoided by metabolic control mechanisms to prevent energy waste. www.assignmentpoint.com www.assignmentpoint.com Cori cycle www.assignmentpoint.com