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THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION Jodi Van Arianna Jones Kayla Branscum Semariah Williams Tucker Buxton FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION - French Protestants are known as Huguenots and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s when the Reformation broke out - 1540 - the Edict of Fontainebleau that allowed for protestants to be subjected to the Inquisition - The Habsburg-Valois wars and the Treaty of CateauCambresis lead to a moment of peace, but the death of Henry II lead to his sickly brother Francis II to take the throne - The monarchy was now weakened, and the Guise, Bourbon, and Montmorency-Chatillon families tried to establish a hold of the monarchy - The Guise Family established the most control over the young king and their name became synonymous with militant, reactionary Catholicism APPEAL OF CALVINISM - Huguenots were a majority of the population in only two areas, Daphiné and Languedoc - Huguenots held important geographic areas and were heavily represented among the more powerful segments of French society - Hoped to establish more a principal in France territorial sovereignty - Calvinist religious convictions proved useful to their political goals - The military organization of Condé and Coligny progressively merged with the religious organization of the French Huguenot churches - The resistance made Calvinism a viable religion in Catholic France - Confluence of secular and religious motives, beneficial to aristocratic resistance and Calvinism - Religious conviction not the only or main reason for becoming a Calvinist in France CATHERINE DE MEDICIS AND THE GUISE - This massacre forced the crown to cooperate with the Guises - First war of religion starts and the Duke of Guise is assassinated and Huguenot leadership was passed to Coligny. -Peace of Germain-en-Late in 1570 ended this war and allowed Huguenots religious freedoms and the right to fortify cities. - Meanwhile, Queen Catherine wanted a Catholic France, despite supporting Protestants MAIN IDEAS: before. - Catherine de Medicis was put into power in - Catherine plotted with the Guises against the place of her minor son. ascendant Protestants. - Tried to reconcile Protestants and Catholics, - Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered issuing the January Edict in 1562 - The duke of Guise, a renowned militant Catholic, in Paris in 1562 and 20,000 within 3 days - This transformed arguments between religions surprised a Protestant congregation in Champagne and massacred a lot of worshippers, and guilds into an international struggle for sheer survival against an adversary whose sparking the beginning of the French wars of cruelty justified by any means of resistance religion TIMELINE: 1560 - Francis II dies 1562 - January Edict issue March 1562 - Protestants slaughtered 1562-1563 - First war of religion 1568-1570 - Second war of religion 1570 - Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1572 - Attempt was taken on Coligny’s life and St Bartholomew's Day Massacre THE RISE OF POWER OF HENRY OF NAVARRE TIMELINE: - 1576 – 1577 – Peace of Beaulieu - 1580s – Catholic League dominant and had support of Spain - 1588 – Day of Barricades - 1589 – Henry III assassinated - 1593 – Henry IV reconverted to Catholicism MAIN IDEAS/WHAT HAPPENED: - Henry III was stuck in between the conflict of the Catholic League and the Protestants - - - - Peace of Beaulieu established but dissolved soon after because of the Catholic League’s strong opposition Henry III tried to attack the Catholic League but failed during the Day of Barricade and was forced to join hands with Henry of Navarre Henry III assassinated and Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) came to power Spain and Pope disliked this because they did not want a Protestant King Became a well liked king and established religious freedom through Edict of Nantes, broke ties with spain and ended wars of religion THE EDICT OF NANTES Timeline: - April 13, 1598 - Henry IV initiates Edict of Nantes - May 2, 1598 - Treaty of Vervins Nantes - formal religious settlement/ truce, let the Huguenots have freedom of public worship, be able to assemble, and maintain towns - 1610 - Henry IV assassinated - Recognized minority religious rights within catholic country 1685 - Edict of Nantes revoked - Created a state within a state - After death Louis XIV called for “one king, one law, one religion” revoked Edict of Nantes Pillars of Spanish power Phillip II was heir to the Habsburg Kingdom The regular arrival in Seville of bullion (type of gold) from the Spanish colonies in the New World provided lots of wealth Europe became richer and it also became more populous (population tripled in France, England, and the Netherlands) which triggered inflation Spain became the heaviest taxed people in Europe Phillip II organized the lesser nobility into a loyal and efficient national bureaucracy. In May 1571, the largest naval battle of the 16th century occurred between the holy league of Spain, Venice and Genoa and the Turkish. But the result of this battle ended in spain gaining temporary control of the medditerean The Revolt In The Netherlands After Charles V gave Spain to Phillip II he went and conquered the Netherlands Netherland towns were the most independent in Europe & were strongly Calvinist A national called the compromise was devised in 1564 because of this the Calvinist began to riot Phillip sent the Duke of Alba, along with 10,000 men to suppress the revolts The Compromise The Compromise started in 1564 It is about the fusion of politics and religious opposition Full scale rebellion against the Spanish regency A lot of people came together to submit a petition of the regent Margaret of Parma with the objective of obtaining a moderation of the Placards Compromise Pictures William the Orange The Pacification of Ghent After Requesens death in 1576 became the greatest atrocity of the war. This atrocity was that Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran and amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576. This amok led to leaving 7000 people dead on the streets of Antwerp. This was known as the Spanish fury The Spanish fury Atrocity had been accomplished in just 4 days. Neither religion or patriotism had previously done before. (like Group) After the Spanish fury the Pacification of Ghent was formed. It was formed by ten largely Catholic southern provinces (modern Belgium) and seven largely Protestant northern province ( Modern Netherland). These groups came together to unified the opposition to spain. The pacification of Ghent was established on November 8, 1576 The Pacification of Ghent was the Netherlands version of the territorial settlement of religious diffrencens brought about by the Holy Roman Empire in 1555 ( the peace of Augsberg). Don John – the victor over the Turks at Lepando in 1571, took control over the Spanish land forces in November 1576 Don John had his first defeat against the Netherlands. He had to sign a Humiliating perpetual in February 1577, which he had to remove all of his Spanish troops with in 20 days. The Union of Arras and the Union of UtrechtThe Spanish were really persistent- Don John and Alexander of Parma received power in the southern province. In 1579 the southern province formed the Union of Arras that made peace with Spain. These provinces later served as a counter –re-formation. As a response the northern formed the Union of Utrecht. The Duke of Alba and the resistance unification Fernando lvorez de Toledo was nicknamed the Iron Duke due to his harsh rule by Protestants and Calvinists In the Netherlands there was a resistance to Spanish rule led by William of Orange. He was the stag holder of Holland, Zealand and Utfecht and those city's were Calvinists. The Reasons for rebellion were for the extremely high taxes for the people. England and Spain By Alisa, Anthony, Josie, and Victoria Background and Content Prince Arthur married Catherine of Aragon and died shortly after marrying her before he could become the king. After the death of Arthur, his brother Henry VIII married the widow.(1509) Only having one daughter and 18 years of marriage, he sought for the annulment of his marriage.(1527) Once denied the annulment he assigned Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell as his close advisors.(1529) Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as archbishop of Canterbury.(1529) Following that Thomas Cranmer invalidated his marriage.(1529) King Henry then enacted the Act of Supremacy which declared Henry the only supreme head of the Church of England.(1531) Mary I Mary ruled for 5 years In 1554, •Mary entered a very unpopular marriage with Philip II of Spain, which was a symbol of militant Catholicism to English Protestants •Mary crushed the rebellion led by Sir Thomas Wyatt In 1555, revived England’s heresy laws and began burning offenders at the stake: •nearly 300 English Protestants burned • dozens of Protestants died in prison • about 800 fled to Protestant strongholds in Germany and Geneva •the great Protestant leaders of the Edwardian age were executed for heresy In 1558, a brief war with France caused England to lose its last French enclave at Calais Elizabeth I Mary’s half sister Success in both domestic and foreign policy Elizabeth hoped to avoid both Catholic and Protestant extremism by presuming middle ways Elizabeth also refused to take Philip II’s hand in marriage Elizabeth executed Mary of the scotts Elizabeth died March 23, 1603 She acted swiftly against Catholic assassination plots She believed in the execution of a sovereign even a dethroned sovereign weakened royalty Spain Strong Catholic sentiment since reign of Ferdinand and Isabella and the Inquisition (late 15th century) Spain ruled by Philip II from 1556 to 1598 •son of Charles V, part of the powerful Hapsburg family, husband of Mary I of England Philip II and Elizabeth I wanted to avoid confrontation but conflict between Spain and England occurs due to: •1567: Spanish duke of Alba marches army to Netherlands to quell Protestant resistance •From England’s perspective, Spain is staging an attack •Treaty of Nonsuch (1585) provided English soldiers to the Netherlands to aid Dutch rebels •English raids against Spanish commerce coming back from the New World •1587: Elizabeth executed Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic heir to English throne •Pope Sixtus V supports Spanish invasion of England (1587) Spanish Armada (1588): fleet of 130 ships bearing 25,000 soldiers and sailors to invade England •Originally delayed due to Sir Francis Drake’s shelling of Spanish ports (1587) •English and Dutch ships were swifter •English victory •1/3 of Spanish fleet never returned to Spain Spain faces unified French, English, and Dutch Protestant resistance and loses international power Rachael Medalia, Penelope Beagles, Nathan Sachs, Bryan Vo, Yaroslav Kravchuk The Thirty Years war Disputes leading to war PRECONDITIONS OF WAR General religious conflict among Protestants and Catholics Fragmented German states were independent/isolated, with over 360 separate states. German Rulers desired religious unity, which would increase power of HRE and somewhat unite the states Catholic power in Austrian Habsburg ruling line and Bavaria, with protestant population. Conflicting views make it impossible to live this lifestyle Created Catholic League In 1609, led by Maximilian I of Bavaria, which conflicted with the protestant population Rising political power of Calvinists. Created Protestant League in 1608. Personal ambitions of Emperor Ferdinand II German leaders dreamed of a unified Germany, which would grant much power to Defenestration of Prague A more distinct event that dramatically portrayed relationship between the protestants and the Catholics FOUR PERIODS OF WAR BOHEMIAN PHASE- (1618-1621) Defenestration of Prague Ferdinand II (Catholic king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor) officials thrown out of third story window of Hradcany Castle in Prague by Calvinists unhappy with Ferdinand’s restrictions against Protestantism. Emperor Ferdinand II gets support of Maximilian I of Bavaria and invades Bohemia. Victory at White Mountain defeats Frederick V’s Protestant forces. DANISH PHASE- (1625-1629) King Christian IV, the Lutheran ruler of Denmark, and a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire invades the Holy Roman Empire to support the Protestants Albrecht Von Wallenstein , assisted Ferdinand II raised an army and defeated the Danish. They then occupied Holstein, King Christians’s H.R.E. Duchy. Bohemian rebels took control of Prague and declared Frederick V, a Calvinist as the new King of Bohemia. Treaty of Lubeck restores Holstein to King Christian IV FOUR PERIODS OF WAR SWEDISH PHASE- (1630-1635) In 1630, the Swedish, led by Lutheran King Gustavus Adolphus invaded the Holy Roman empire liberated much of the Protestant territory lost in the Danish Phase French and Swedish sign a Political Alliance with France aiding Sweden with funds of weapons and soldiers. Emperor Ferdinand’s forces led by Wallenstein are defeated by the Swedes at the Battle of Lutzen in 1632, but Gustavus Adolphus is killed. The Treaty of Prague in 1635 ended the Swedish phase and Strengthened Hapsburg power over the German Princes FRENCH PHASE- (1630-1648) Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister of Louis XIII) disregarded the Treaty of Prague and attacked the H.R.E to gain territory and to weaken the Habsburgs. French success against the Habsburgs in Spain emboldened them to send more Forces to the H.R.E., weakening it against other foes. Ferdinand II dies in 1637 and his son Ferdinand III succeeds him. Peace negotiations begin 1641 and are futile until Richelieu dies in 1642 and France occupies Bavaria in 1646. TREATY OF WESTPHALIA Creation of the Treaty of Westphalia (October, 1648) The assembly of the treaty involved 194 states who were represented by 179 plenipotentiaries. Papal Nuncio Fabio Chigi, a.k.a Pope Alexander, and the Venetian Ambassador were in charge. The Treaty of Westphalia, also known as the Peace of Westphalia, signified the end of the Thirty Years War. Communication between leaders was slow and inefficient, causing great delay in finalizing agreements. The conference lasted four years, the first 6 months of which were used to argue housing and privileges. The signing ceremony took place on October 24th 1648 at 2:00, a Saturday. Outcomes the Treaty Actualized A weakness of the Holy Roman Emperor himself(against princes), and Habsburg Empire (Several below states gain independence from empire). The treaty generally progressed Europe into a further recognizable, modern shape. Borders were drawn for new states that gained independence, like Dutch+Netherlands and Switzerland, while also including the rise of Prussia. These new nations quickly established themselves in the competitive nationalism of the modern world. Calvinism was accepted and embraced by HRE. Additional religious freedom/tolerance was granted to Catholics and Lutherans. Freedom of private worship, which causes almost no more European religious warfare. Germany remained autonomous, isolated, and fragmented. SOURCES http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyear swar.html http://historylearning.com/the-thirty-yearswar0/thirty-years-war0/ http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/20 16/01/ending-new-thirty-years-war http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/militar y-history/king-gustavus-adolphus-breitenfeldand-the-birthplace-of-modern-war/ https://armchaircapitalist.wordpress.com/201 1/03/16/thirty-years-war-danish-phase/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_ War http://www.historytoday.com/richardcavendish/treaty-westphalia