Download Ссылка 3 Учебные материалы по практике перевода для

Ссылка 3
Учебные материалы по практике перевода для студентов
Стоматологического факультета
Использованная литература:
1. Методические разработки для практики чтения и устной речи на английском языке
по вопросам медицинских специальностей: тексты, упражнений, тесты,
ситуационные задачи. М., 2012 (МР)
Модуль 3
Text 3
DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF
DENTAL CARIES
Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases. Dental caries is
an infectious disease resulting in destruction of tooth structure by acid forming
bacteria found in dental plaque in the presence of sugar. The infection causes the
loss of tooth minerals that begins with outer surface of the tooth and can progress
through the dentin to the pulp, ultimately compromising the vitality of the tooth.
This statement is different to standard approach taught over the last twenty years in
dental schools. People used to think that tooth decay is caused by eating sugary
foods, not that dental caries is an infectious disease caused by acid forming
bacteria.
Dental caries arises from an overgrowth of specific bacteria that can
metabolize fermentable carbohydrates and generate acids as waste products of their
metabolism. Streptococci mutants and lactobacillus are the two principal species of
bacteria involved in dental caries and found in the plaque biofilm on the tooth
surface. When these bacteria produce acids, the latter diffuse into the tooth enamel,
cementum or dentin and dissolve or partially dissolve the mineral from crystals
below the surface of the tooth. If the mineral dissolution is not halted, the early
subsurface lesion becomes a “cavity”. These early lesions of subsurface are not yet
detectable with modern technologies.
Dentistry is beginning to move from the surgical model for preventing tooth
decay to identification of early carious lesions and treating them with non-surgical
methods including remineralization. The tooth surface undergoes demineralization
and reminalization continuously, with some reversibility. When exposed to acids,
the hydroxyapatite crystals dissolve to release calcium and phosphate into the
solution between the crystals. These ions diffuse out of the tooth coating leading to
the formation of the initial carious lesions. The reversal of this process is
remineralization. It will occur if the acid in the plaque is buffered by saliva,
allowing calcium and phosphate primarily in saliva to flow back into the tooth and
form new mineral on the partially dissolved subsurface crystal remnants. The new
“veneer” on the surface of the crystal is much more resistant to acid attack.
How can dental caries be prevented?
The use of dental sealants is a means of prevention. A sealant is a thin
plastic-like coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the molars. This coating
prevents the accumulation of plaque in the deep grooves and thus prevents the
formation of pit. Sealants are usually applied on the teeth of children, shortly after
the molar erupt. Older people may also benefit from the use of tooth sealants.
Fluoride therapy is often recommended to protect against dental caries. It has
been demonstrated that water fluoridation and fluoride supplements decrease the
incidence of dental caries. The incorporated fluoride makes enamel more resistant
to decay.
(“Journal of Dental Education”, Volume 65, # 10, by Stephen Abrams)
Lead-in
Ex.1 Read the title of the text and say
 what “management” may mean in relation to dental caries
Look through the text to find out if you are right.
Ex.2 Read the text and say which statements are true and which are false.
1. There is only one factor that is sugary foods, that contributes to the
development of dental caries.
2. Modern dentistry is not able to reveal early subsurfaces lesions yet.
3. Early carious lesions are treated by surgical methods.
4. Remineralization is a surgical method used to induce resistance of a tooth to
acid attack.
5. Fluoride therapy helps protect teeth from decay.
6. Sealant is a material that is applied on the surface of a child’s tooth to make
it stronger.
7. The surface of a tooth is so hard that it always remains resistant to acid
attack.
Language Practice
Ex.3a) Scan the text and find the terms to match the definitions
1. A condition when a tooth looses the necessary minerals which keep it
healthy and hard.
2. Single-celled microorganisms which can exist either as independent
organisms or as parasites.
3. A plastic resin used in dentistry to coat the chewing surfaces of the tooth to
prevent the growth of cavity.
4. Teeth those are located furthest away from the front teeth, in the back of the
mouth next to the cheek.
5. The yellow layer just beneath enamel that serves to protect the inner living
tooth tissue called the pulp.
6. A destruction of the outer surface of a tooth.
7. A compound put in drinking water or toothpaste to prevent tooth decay.
b) Point out the terms in (a) with Latin or Greek elements. Which of these
elements mean “process”, “mass”, “tooth”?
Ex. 4 Translate the italicized parts of the sentences into Russian.
1. The infection causes the loss of tooth minerals that begins with outer surface
of the tooth and can progress through the dentin to the pulp, ultimately
compromising the vitality of the tooth.
2. Dental caries arises from an overgrowth of specific bacteria that can
metabolize fermentable carbohydrates and generate acids as waste products
of their metabolism.
3. When these bacteria produce acids, the latter diffuse into the tooth enamel,
cementum or dentin and dissolve or partially dissolve the mineral from
crystals below the surface of the tooth.
4. If the mineral dissolution is not halted, the early subsurface lesion becomes
a “cavity”.
5. These early lesions of subsurface are not yet detectable with modern
technologies.
6. It has been demonstrated that water fluoridation and fluoride supplements
decrease the incidence of dental caries.
Ex.5 Find in the text the English for Russian words and phrases. Use them in
sentences of your own on the theme of the text.
Зубной налет; жизнеспособность зуба; предотвратить разрушение зуба;
избыточный рост бактерий; вызывать образование кислоты; проникать в
эмаль зуба; поверхность зуба; растворение минералов; обнаруживаемые
поражения; колонии микроорганизмов; удаление налета; подвергаться
воздействию кислот; средство защиты, коренной зуб; устойчивый к;
подповерхностные поражения; слюна, полость зуба; разрушение эмали;
фторсодержащие добавки.
Ex.6 Complete the sentences using the appropriate words from the list given
below. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Early diagnosis of the carious lesion is very important as it is not simply a
process of …… but an alternating process of tooth destruction.
2. …… is a perfect remineralizing fluid.
3. Dental caries affects molars frequently resulting in …… , as there are those
parts of the teeth that cannot be cleaned by a toothbrush.
4. The earliest clinically visible evidence of destruction of …… is a brown or
white spot on the surface of a tooth.
5. Every bite of sugary food and frequent between-meal snacks give the ……
energy allowing them to multiply and start producing …… .
6. Some people ignore their dental health, believing that sooner or later they
will lose their …… .
7. The primary focus of personal hygiene care consists of proper brushing and
daily flossing to prevent the formation of … ….
bacteria, demineralization, plaque, saliva, molars, carious lesions, acids, enamel
Ex.7 Fill in prepositions.
1. Dental caries is a disease resulting …. destruction of tooth structure …. acid
forming bacteria.
2. The infection can progress … the dentin to the pulp.
3. Dentistry is moving from surgical model … preventing tooth decay to
identification …. early carious lesions.
4. Dental caries arises …. an overgrowth of specific bacteria.
5. Two principle species of bacteria are involved …. dental caries.
6. Remineralization will occur if the acid in the plaque is buffered …. saliva.
7. One of the means of prevention of dental caries is dental sealant applied ….
the chewing surfaces of the molars.
8. Older people may benefit …. the use of tooth sealants.
9. The incorporated fluoride makes enamel resistant …. decay.
Follow-up
Ex.8 Go back to the text and answer the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What leads to caries lesions?
Which parts of a tooth are affected by carious lesions?
Why does demineralization of the tooth occur?
What measures can prevent dental caries?
How does fluoride therapy help prevent decay of a tooth?
Ex.9 Make a plan of the text in writing.
Ex.10 Discuss the questions.
1. Why do doctors recommend to avoid eating between meals?
2. What foods should be avoided to protect teeth from decay?
3. What kind of toothpaste does your family prefer? Why?