Download First Age of Empires 1570 B.C.–200 B.C..

Chapter 4
First Age of Empires
1570 B.C.–200 B.C..
Time Line
1544 B.C. Egypt’s New
Kingdom established.
751 B.C. Nubian kingdom of
Kush conquers Egypt.
206 B.C. The Qin Dynasty
of China collapses. Civil
War follows.
1570 B.C.
200 B.C.
850 B.C. Assyrian
Empire begins its rise
to power.
550 B.C. Persian
Empire flourishes
under Cyrus.
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
3
The New Kingdom of Egypt
• The Hyksos invade Egypt
and rule from 1640 to 1570
B.C.
• Queen Ahhotep begins to
restore Egypt’s power
• Pharaoh Kamose defeats the
Hyksos
• The New Kingdom restores
glory
4
• Egypt’s Empire Builders in the New
Kingdom
– The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty
• A new army of archers, charioteers, and infantry
– A new crown
• The blue crown
5
– Thutmose III invades Palestine and Syria
– Thutmose III extents the empire
• Egyptian armies invade Nubia and connects Egypt
and Nubia for hundreds of years
6
• The Egyptians and the
Hittites
– Egyptians vs. the Hittites
– 1285 B.C., the Battle of
Kadesh
– Ramses II and the Hittites
sign a treaty that promised
“peace and brotherhood
between us forever”
7
• An Age of Builders
– The Valley of the Kings
– Ramses II builds Karnak
8
– Abu Simbel
9
The Empire Declines
• Invasions by Land and Sea
– “The People of the Sea” attack the Egyptian
empire and the Hittite kingdom
10
• Egypt’s Empire Fades
– Small kingdoms replace
the empire
– Libyans establish
independent dynasties
• From 950 to 730 B.C.,
Libyan pharaohs ruled
Egypt and adopted the
Egyptian way of life
11
The Kushites Conquer the Nile
Region
• The People of Nubia
– Nubian kingdoms rule the upper Nile and
linked Egypt with the interior of Africa to the
south
– Kerma, the early Nubian kingdom
• Kerma pottery
12
• The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
– The New Kingdom imposed Egyptian rule on
Kush
– Kushite princes
Egyptian
adopt
language and
worshiped
Egyptian gods
– 1100 B.C., Kush regained its independence
13
• Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne
– 751 B.C., Piankhi overthrows the Libyan
dynasty and units the entire Nile Valley
• Piankhi and his descendants became Egypt’s
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
– 671 B.C., the Assyrians conquered Egypt and
overthrow the Twenty-fifth dynasty
14
The Golden Age of Meroë
• The Wealth of Kush
– Meroë, a trading center
• Center for the manufacturing of iron weapons and
tools
15
– Trade bring wealth to Meroë
• Traders exchange iron, tools, and weapons for
jewelry, fine cotton cloth, silver lamps, and glass
bottles
16
• The Decline of Meroë
– The rise of Aksum contributes to Meroë’s fall
17
Assyria Dominates
the Fertile Crescent
18
A Mighty Military Machine
• The Rise of a Warrior
People
– The Assyrians
develop warlike
behavior in response
to invasions
– Assyrian kings built an
empire with constant
warfare
19
• Military Organization
and Conquest
– Assyria military
• Assyrian’s used leather
and metal armor, wore
copper or iron helmets,
padded loincloths, and
leather skirts layered with
metal scales
• Their weapons were iron
swords and iron-pointed
spears, and protected
themselves with huge
shields
20
• New military technics
– Engineers bridge rivers with pontoons
– The Assyrians dug tunnel’s beneath the city’s walls
– Assyrian’s use iron-tipped battering rams
21
An Expanding Empire
• Assyrian Rule
– Assyrian officials governed new lands as
provinces
– Assyrian kings
choose
rulers
for
conquered
territories
– New territory
brings
taxes
and tribute
22
23
• Assyrian Culture
– King Sennacherib established Nineveh as
Assyria’s
24
– Nineveh holds one of the ancient world’s
largest libraries
• A collection of more than 25,000 clay tablets from
throughout the Fertile Crescent
25
The Empire Crumbles
• Decline and Fall
– Medes and Chaldeans defeat the Assyrians
and leveled Nineveh
26
• Rebirth of Babylon
Under the
Chaldeans
– Chaldeans made
Babylon their
capital
– Nebuchadnezzar
restores Babylon
• The hanging
gardens
– The seven-tiered
ziggurat
27
Persia Unites Many Lands
28
The Rise of Persia
• The Persian Homeland
– Ancient Iran
• Prosperous farmland
• Mineral wealth, including
copper, lead, gold, silver,
and gleaming blue lapis
lazuli
– Two major powers
emerged
• The Medes and the Persians
29
• Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire
– 550 B.C., Cyrus conquers neighboring
kingdoms in Iran
– From 550 and 539 B.C. Cyrus conquered the
entire Fertile Crescent and most of Anatolia
30
– Cyrus allows the Jews to return to their
homeland
31
Persian Rule and Religion
• Cambyses and Darius
– Cambyses extended the Persian Empire into
Egypt
– Cambyses
publicly
scorned the
Egyptian
religion and
ordered the
images of Egyptian
gods to be burned
32
• Darius seize the
throne with help of the
Ten Thousand
Immortals
• Darius establishes an
efficient and wellorganized
administration for his
empire
33
• Persia extended
into present-day
Afghanistan and
down into the river
valleys of India
34
35
• Provinces and Satraps
– Darius divided Persia into
20 provinces
• Provinces were similar to the
homelands of the many
groups of people within the
Persian Empire
• The people of each province
still practiced their own
religion, spoke their own
language and followed many
of their own laws
– Satrap rule the provinces
36
• The Persian road system
– The Royal Road ran from Susa in Persia to Sardis in
Anatolia, a distance of 1,677 miles
• Standardized coins
37
• Persian Religion
– Zoroaster’s teachings
• The god of truth and light - Ahura Mazda
38
– The god of evil and darkness - Ahriman
– The Avesta - the holy writings of the
Zoroastrian religion
39
• The Persian Legacy
– Persians rule through tolerance and good
government
– Persia respects other cultures
40
An Empire Unifies China
41
Philosophy and the Social Order
• Confucius Urges Harmony
– China’s most influential scholar
- Confucius
•
•
•
•
•
Confucius believed in social order
1) ruler and subject
2) father and son
3) husband and wife
4) older brother and younger
brother
• 5) friend and friend
42
• Confucius wants to reform society and stresses
good government
• The Analects
43
– Mencius – the disciple
• Mencius continued
teach that
should
virtuous
to
leaders
be
44
• Confucian Ideas About Government
– Confucius believed that education could
transform a humbly born person into a
gentleman or civil servant
– Confucianism
the
became
foundation for
Chinese
government
and social order
45
• Daoists Seek Harmony
– Laozi – the natural order is important
– Dao De Ching (The Way of Virtue)
• Laozi believed that a universal force called the
Dao, meaning “the Way,” guides all things
46
– The philosophy of Laozi came to be known as
Daoism
• The search for knowledge and understanding of
nature
47
• Legalists Urge Harsh
Rule
– Hanfeizi and Li Si
found Legalism
• They believed in a
highly efficient and
powerful government
to restore order
• Government should
use the law to end civil
disorder and restore
harmony
48
49
• I Ching
– I Ching, the book of
oracles
• Used by people, not
interested in the three
philosophies
• The book was used to
answer ethical or practical
problems
• Readers used the book
by throwing a set of coins,
interpreting the results,
and then reading the
appropriate oracle
50
• Yin and Yang
– The concept of two powers that
together represented the
natural rhythms of life
• Yang, the white part, represents
the masculine qualities in the
universe
• Yin, the black part, represents the
feminine qualities of the universe
– Both forces complement each
other
51
The Qin Dynasty
• A New Emperor Takes
Control
– 221 B.C., the Qin ruler
assumed the name Shi
Huangdi or “First
Emperor”
– Shi Huangdi defeats
foreign enemy and
doubles China’s territory
52
• Shi Huangdi unites China
– The policy of “strengthening
the trunk and weakening the
branches”
– Noble families had to live at
the capital city
– China is divided into 36
administrative districts
• The silencing of the
Confucian scholars
• The book burning
53
• A Program of
Centralization
– Shi Huangdi
centralizes the
state
• A highway network
of 4,000 miles
• Uniform standards
for Chinese writing,
law, currency, and
weights and
measures
54
• Great Wall of China
– Shi Huangdi is
determined to
connect different part
of the wall 1,400
miles to the west
– The Great Wall of
China built on the
backs of hundreds of
thousands of
peasants
55
56
• The Death of The Emperor
– The Emperor’s Mausoleum
57
• The Terracotta Army
58
• The Fall of the Qin
– Peasant Rebellions destroy the Qin Dynasty
– 202 B.C. marks the beginning of the Han
Dynasty
59