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UNIT 2 HISTORICAL GLOBALIZATION Main Issue: To what extent should contemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? CULTURAL SENSITIVITY OF HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS • ANTHROPOLOGY • Greek root words meaning “human study” • The study of human cultural practices and ways of life • Interpret and explain other cultures. • Anthropologists do not belong to the culture they are studying PITFALLS OF ANTHROPOLOGY • JUDGING CULTURES • Cultural Superiorty • Using our superior standards to judge other cultures because whatever we do is always better • Cultural Relativism • Believing that no culture’s practices are better or worse than another culture’s practices • Everything is relative • Only those values held by the culture can be used to judge behavior in that culture INTERPRETING CULTURES Ethnocentrism • Inappropriately applying our concepts and beliefs to explain another group’s practices • Interpreting other cultural concepts through our own cultural lens • Radical Uniqueness • No culture’s concepts and beliefs can explain another culture’s practices • Understanding of other cultures is impossible because each cultural is unique GENERALIZING ABOUT CULTURAL PRACTICES • _stereotyping • People within a culture are generally alike • There are universal, easily recognizable traits within a culture • Radical Individualism • Each culture is so diverse/complex that no generalizations are possible • All statements about culture are limited to the individual person/event. THE SOLUTION? • Cross-Cultural Sensitivity • Recognizes cultural differences • Aware of dangers of judging/interpreting/generalizing about a culture using values from outside a culture • Careful to make judgments/interpretations only when those values are fairly applied to culture • Careful to make qualified generalizations based on adequate evidence. AMAZONS UNCONTACTED TRIBE http://www.uncontactedtribes.org/evidence TO WHAT EXTENT DOES CULTURAL CONTACT AFFECT PEOPLE? CULTURAL CONTACT • Different cultures have different values, beliefs and traditions that influence their thoughts and actions The arrival of European explorer’s in the America’s in the 15th century launched a series of cultural contacts INDIGENOUS PEOPLES • Were part of a complex network of independent nations living across the Americas • Spoke many different languages • Many different forms of governance • Variety of spiritual beliefs • Established long-standing alliances and rivalries CONTACT IN THE AMERICA'S • Powerful nations in Europe were competing for economic and military supremacy. • To prove their worth, they began to expand beyond their horizons. • They claimed ownership of these lands for their monarchs. • GOAL= to spread the Christian faith and European values in these new lands EFFECTS OF CULTURAL CONTACT • Economic, political and social spheres of one or both groups • Conflict • Disease • Loss of resources • Cultural change • Assimilation depopulation of culture