Download Nationalism

Bellringer
Belief in harmony with
How
Shinto,
nature
and are
its spirits
animism and Daoism
similar?
Scientific Galilee
investigations
Galileo
and
in the Scientific
Sir
Isaac Newton are
Revolution
best known
for
-Heliocentric
models
-Gravitywhat?
What
geographic
Steep
mountainous
terrain
and
archipelagos
feature
influenced
the
development of Greek
City States?
A government controlled
by
a strong
central
What
is an
absolute
authority with total
Monarchy?
control
Bellringer
Nationalism caused high
Why
were
theethnic
Balkans
tensions
between
groups
known as the Powder
Keg of Europe?
Anti Jewish feelings
What does AntiSemitism mean?
Name Christianity,
two cultural
Orthodox
Absolute
rulers,
onionfrom
pieces
that
passed
domes
the
Byzantine Empire to
Russia
Johann Gutenberg
What man is credited
with printing the first
book in Europe?
Bellringer
Cape of Good Hope
What is the name of the
sea passage south of
Africa?
Gunpowder, moveable
type,
paper,
silk,
What
are
some
compass from China?
inventions
Capital, surplus
population, natural
What
are two causes
resources
US policy during WWII to
supply the
What
wasallies
thewith
Lend
military equipment
Lease
Act?
without
getting
involved
of industrialization?
Byzantine Empire
When the Roman empire split, the Eastern half became known as the Byzantine
Empire.
Located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe, the Byzantine capitol of
Constantinople became rich with trade and culture.
The Byzantine empire is credited with preserving Greek and Roman traditions,
including the Twelve Tables of Rome (law code).
Byzantine accomplishments
The Byzantine Empire reached its greatest
The He
creation
of Greek
Orthodox
extent under Justinian.
is also credited
with
creating Justinian’s Law
Code, based onis
thea schism, or a
Christianity
Twelve Tables of Rome.
permanent split in religion. This
The Byzantines separated from the Roman
Sect of Christianity still believes in
Catholic Church and founded the Greek
Orthodox religion.
Though10
still commandments
Christian, the
Jesus,
and the
Greek Orthodox allow priests to marry,
one God, but they worship in
celebrate primarily Easter and speak Greek
during mass.
different ways.
Congress of Vienna
After Napoleon took over much of Europe,
Nationalism developed. Nationalism affected all
areas of Europe, but the Congress of Vienna, in
an effort to stop the spread of revolutionary
ideas, restored the old empires and Monarchs.
The Austrian and Ottoman empires were
especially difficult to rule. With many ethnic
groups in each empire tensions rose quickly
throughout the 1800s, leading into World War I.
Nationalism
Extreme pride and devotion in one’s nation or ethnic group
After the Congress of Vienna
reestablished the old monarchs
(legitimacy) the old empires began
experiencing nationalism.
In some cases nationalism helped unify
nations, like Germany with Otto Von
Bismarck’s help. Others, like the AustriaHungarian and Ottoman empires were
destroyed by nationalism.
This area became known as the Balkans,
or the Powder Keg of Europe leading into
World War I
Austria-Hungary
The Austrian empire had 4 major ethnic groups:
-German Speaking- 25%
-Slavic- 50%
-Italian and Hungarian-25%
Despite being the smallest group, the German Speaking
Austrians ruled the Empire.
As the ethnic groups began demanding changes in the early
1800s, the Austrian rulers shut down all attempts at reform.
They clung to the traditional way of life and government.
Austria- Hungary
The Ruler Franz Josef attempted reforms, but
they only pleased the German Speaking
minority. The Slavic people were still unrepresented in government, fueling more
discontent.
In 1914 a Serbian Slav assassinated the
archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassin,
Gavrilo Princip, felt that Franz Ferdinand
represented the oppressive government.
The assassination of Franz Ferdinand began
World War I. The Austria-Hungarian Empire
collapsed after World War I.
Ottoman Decline
Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman empire was vast and contained many
different ethnic groups. These ethnic groups clashed and demanded
independence.
The Ottomans tried to put down
demands for reform by sticking
to traditional ways of life and
government. It was
unsuccessful and by the end of
WWI the Ottoman empire had
been dissolved into other
empires
Armenian Massacre
In the late 1890s nationalistic pressures grew
with in the Ottoman Empire. Islamic Turks and
Christian Armenians had lived in peace for
generations, but nationalistic tensions caused
the Islamic Turks to attack Armenians.
Over the course of 25 years, over 1 million
Armenians were killed, with millions more
fleeing to the United States
The Armenian massacre occurred in what is
now known as Turkey.
Recently the
Armenian Genocide
has received renewed
attention as the 100
year anniversary
occurs. The Pope,
President Obama and
even Kim Kardashian
are paying their
respects.
WWII- Appeasement
Much of Eastern Europe was
allowed to be seized by Hitler as
Western Europe followed a
policy of appeasement. The
appeasers hoped by giving in to
Hitler on his claims to the
Rhineland, Austria,
Czechoslovakia. It wasn’t until
he invaded Poland that the
Allies declared war
WWII
World War II featured the allies against the Axis
powers. England, France and Russia fought against
Germany, Italy and Japan.
Germany followed a policy of blitzkrieg and quickly
controlled France. The axis powers relied on heavy
aerial bombing and submarine warfare to maintain
control.
The Allies blockaded materials and supplies from
Germany.
The War takes a turn in the allies favor on D-Day,
the invasion of Normandy beaches.
Yalta Conference
As the allies discussed the ending of the war, they
made a plan for Germany and its former holdings in
Eastern Europe.
Germany would be split into several zones of
occupation between the Americans, British, French
and Soviets.
The Soviets were also given control of Eastern
Europe to oversee the creation of new governments
there.
Cold War
Even though the allies successfully won World War
II, there were tensions growing between the
Democratic Americans and Communist Soviets.
These tensions became the Cold war, a period of
hostility without open fighting.
The Cold War was a fight between the political
ideologies of Democracy and Communism.
Europe was split at the imaginary Iron Curtain, with
Eastern Europe influenced by Communist Soviet
Union
Cold War events
Berlin air lift- airplanes take supplies into
West Berlin to support democracy
Cuban Missile Crisis- The United States
blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet Missiles
reaching Cuba
Korean War- NATO forces led by the US help
the South fight the North communists. The
war ends in an armistice at the 38th parallel
Vietnam War- Communist North wants to
unite Vietnam after the French leave. The US
worries it will spread communism and helps
the South resist. The Viet Cong win
Bosnia/ Serbia Genocide
Ethnic tensions between the Slavic people in the
former Austria-Hungary empire boiled over in the early
1990s. The Serbs, Slavs and Croats fought each other
for control.
The West takes a long time to intervene and hundreds
of thousands die.
In the end the nations of Serbia, Yugoslavia, Kosovo
and Montenegro are established as independent
nation states.
Byzantine influence
The Early Russians lived in small villages, farmed and traded
along the rivers connecting the Baltic and Black Seas. The
the map
first major cityUsing
was the trading
city of and
Kiev. your
knowledge, explain why Kiev
Kiev maintained a strong trading connection with the
would
major trading
partner
Byzantine
Empirebe
and a
Constantinople,
thus cultural
diffusion occurred. Some of the most important influences
with Constantinople.
were:
-Orthodox Christianity
-Byzantine domes influenced the onion domes of Russia
-Powerful secular ruler
Mongols
In the 1200s the Mongols swept out of Mongolia
and quickly took over most of Russia, China and
the Middle East.
The Mongols who took over Russia were known
as the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde influenced Russia by allowing
them religious freedom and promoting trade
with Eastern Europe. They also solidified the
absolute power model of princes.
The Mongols also cut Russia off from Western
Europe at a time when the Western Europeans
were making rapid advancements in the arts and
sciences
2:38-
Absolute Czars
The Mongols established a system of absolute
rule that continued throughout Russian history
until the Russian Communist Revolution.
The Czars of Russia mostly used oppression and
fear to rule with total control. The Romanov
family was the last of the Czars.
Czars like Ivan the Terrible further centralized
the power of the Russian Monarchy.
Enlightened Despots
Russia was a backwards state, lacking
industrialization, modernization and
controlled by absolute monarchs
However, several Czars and Czarinas did
tointo
theRussia.
rules of
trySome
to bringrefer
reform
Catherine and Peter as
Catharine
the Greatabsolutism,
introduced some
enlightened
government reforms based on
becauseideas.
they incorporate
Enlightened
enlightened and western
Peter
the Great
ideas,
but introduced
they holdEuropean
onto
style clothing and goods, but could not
power
tightly
establish long
lasting
industrialization.
Anti-Semitismanti Jewish
Pogroms
Absolute Czars pushed for Russification, or
creating a Russian culture. Unfortunately, the
Jewish population did not fit into Russia, and
were persecuted.
Many were killed, others were beaten and
forced from their homes. Still others were
robbed and terrorized.
Many Russian Jews fled to Eastern
Europe and areas like Poland. The
Pogroms, however, would not end
until the end of WWII
Non-modernized
The Tran Siberian railway was not
Until 1919 Russia was primarily an agricultural
finished until 1916
nation. They had few factories and barely any
methods of transportation.
Russia’s backwardness would negatively impact
them in the Russo-Japanese war, World War I, and
World War II.
With few infrastructure transportation systems,
troops and supplies took a long time to move.
WWI- Nationalism
The Russians joined World War I with France and
Great Britain. For the Russians, the Slavic people
trapped in the Austria-Hungary empire needed their
protection. For the British and the French, it was a
chance at glory against the tyrants of Germany and
Austria Hungary.
The Russians joined the war for two MAIN reasons:
-Alliance system- the Russians had signed an alliance
agreement to protect the Serbians
-Nationalism- The Russians felt close to the Slavic
peoples, who shared a common ethnic identity
World War I Disaster
World War I proved how backwards Russia truly was.
They were unable to produce enough military
supplies for their troops (guns, blankets, weapons,
food).
Russia’s infrastructure was nearly non-existent, and
the supplies could not quickly reach troops. Nor
could fresh troops be brought in to the front lines.
At home average citizens were starving and
oppressed.
Soon the people were demanding CHANGE
Russian Revolution
Angry at the war, lack of food, and weak government, the people began to
revolt. In March 1917 protesters marches on the Czar’s Palace in St.
Petersburg shouting for Bread! Bread! Bread!
Soon a Vladimir Lenin gained a following
of loyal Bolsheviks, or communists. He
gained support among the peasantry by
promising Land, Peace and Bread
After the Communist
Revolution we begin
referring
to Russia
as the
Peace,
Land, Bread
Soviet Union
Get out of WWI
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
End serfdom and
give peasants
small plots of
private land
Guarantee basic
daily needs
Lenin
Led the communist Revolution but depended on the
support of the peasants to overthrow the government.
Lenin got the Soviet Union out of World War I by signing
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin instituted a strict communist government, but
made some economic reforms to encourage farmers
and business owners to continue producing for the
nation (NEP)
Stalin
Followed Lenin to control the Soviet Union.
He instituted the 5 year programs which
were meant to modernize the nation and
increase production.
Unfortunately the 5 year plans focused on
quantity over quality and most nations
around the world were not interested in
buying Soviet made goods.
Farmers were grouped onto huge
collectives to work together, but most
resisted the government taking their land,
machines and homes.
WWII
The Soviet Union joined World War II after
Germany invaded despite a secret NonAggression Pact between the two. According
to the agreement, neither the Soviet Union
nor Germany would invade one another.
After months of siege on Leningrad and
Stalingrad, a turning point occurred. At the
Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 the Soviets began
pushing the Germans out of Russian
territories
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of Hostility without open
fighting between the Soviet Union and United States, or
communism vs democracy.
During the Cold war the Soviets maintained control over
Eastern Europe, calling them buffer states against
invasion from the Democratic West.
The Soviets quickly developed a nuclear bomb, then
atomic bomb. They also put the first satellite into space,
named Sputnik.
Sputnik terrified Americans who were concerned about
Soviets spying on Americans from Space
Cold War Events
While the Americans focused on containing communism
behind the Iron Curtain, the Soviets focused on
spreading Communism.
Their occupied nations in Eastern Europe were all
converted to communism. The Soviets even sent
communist advisors to China, Cuba, Vietnam, and North
Korea.
The cold war had periods of escalating
tensions such as the Berlin Air lift,
Cuban Missile Crisis and the Korean
and Vietnam wars.
Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet
Union from 1985-1991. He instituted two reform
programs:
-Perestroika- Economic reform attempted by
bringing in some free enterprise (capitalism)
-Glasnost- openness with the nations of the West
and an easing on restrictions on the Russian people
Both reforms failed and led to the downfall of the
Soviet Communist Model.
Putin
After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia became a
democratic nation. Putin was first elected in 1999
and re-elected for a second term. He still played a
pivotal role in the government after his terms were
finished, as prime minister.
Then in 2012 Putin ran again and was elected
president.
Putin is criticized as being oppressive and acting
like a dictator to maintain power.
Ukraine and Crimea current event
Putin has recently ordered the Russian army to
occupy both the Ukraine and Crimea. He says he
is ensuring political stability amid recent protests
in Ukraine and assimilating the ethnic Russians of
Crimea back into the Russian Motherland.
Despite repeated warnings and sanctions from
the international community Putin continues to
maintain control of these areas. Some compare
the inaction to the appeasement of the pre-WWII
era.
Unfortunately the UN has no real power as Russia
holds a seat on the Security Council, instead, the
United States is dealing with NATO for a
resolution
Czar Putin?
As President Putin continues to use
military aggression to gain territory and
silence political dissenters, the world is
growing concerned. The United Nations
and United States are watching Putin.
Read “Czar Putin” to learn more about
Russia’s threat over the Ukraine.
Best political relations
create criteria that you think political
relations should achieve, and
determine what is the best way to
accomplish… war, diplomacy,
sanctions, neutrality, isolation