Download HFM 024 – The Most Interesting Crusaders, Part 1: Peter the Hermit

HFM 024 –
The Most Interesting Crusaders, Part 1:
Peter the Hermit – The People’s Preacher
who resembled the Donkey
Michael Rank: This is the History in Five Minutes Podcast, the #1 podcast for learning
about anything in history in no time at all! I’m your host, Michael Rank.
Today’s topic is The Most Interesting Crusaders, Part 1: Peter the Hermit.
Our story begins in 1092, three years before Pope Urban II preached a crusade for
Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim armies. A Frankish pilgrim stood before the
gates of Jerusalem and reluctantly paid the heavy toll to enter the city. It did not appear as
if he had a gold coin in his possession. The man was short, thin, bearing the coarse face of
an ascetic, and wore the extremely rough material of a hermit, but he paid the toll to the
Muslim sentinel and entered with his band of European pilgrims. However, half of the
people in his group couldn’t afford the price which was 5 Spanish dollars at the time
essentially price gouging. This prevented them from taking their pilgrimage which they had
spent months going for from Europe to the Holy Land.
As he entered the Holy City, this pilgrim witnessed other forms of exploitation on the
pilgrims such as being forced to pay entrance into the redeemer’s tomb. This and other
instances of Muslim acts against Christian pilgrims aroused Peter to take action. He uses
two assets, enthusiasm and rousing oratory and returned to Europe to assemble his own
crusade alongside that of Pope Urban II who is now trying to rise up knights, noblemen and
other foot soldiers to go to the Holy Land.
However, Peter’s group was much different. He would assemble a rag-tag collection of up to
40,000 peasants, low-ranking knights, and the elderly to liberate Jerusalem. This group
also set out months before the official First Crusade. Peter’s group was never planned or
formally sanctioned by the Catholic Church. He led thousands across Europe into the walls
of Constantinople without any proper planning or raising the necessary funds for such an
expensive trip and Peter would also lead them to their slaughter at the hands of experienced
army of Seljuq commander, Kilij Arslan.
Peter was born around 1050 in the French town of Amiens and lived the life of a hermit for a
number of years, embracing strict asceticism. He was short, unwashed, skinny, barefoot,
and rode a donkey, the most humble of all means of convenience and an animal which many
observers have said resembled his rider. He also refused to eat meat and bread, instead
opting for fish and wine.
Peter was said to have received a vision from Jesus Christ demanding that he approach
Pope Urban II requesting authority to preach the Crusade. Such claims of visions were very
common place in the medieval era and especially around the time of launching such a huge
military force like the Crusades. Peter’s oratorical abilities were persuasive enough to
convince peasants, many of whom had no military training or knowledge outside of the lords
of states to give their lives to fight against the badly harden soldiers and capture another
city on another continent.
Peter said that their humble nature was a sign of their reliance on God and not even a
liability but actually an asset as opposed to Pope Urban II’s nobility and all their reliance on
planning and the military experience of their army. In contrast, Peter’s peasants would have
HFM 024 –
The Most Interesting Crusaders, Part 1:
Peter the Hermit – The People’s Preacher
who resembled the Donkey
no other strength but God much like the ancients Israelites and its conquest of stronger
enemies against a lot.
Peter motivated thousands of people to join in the Crusades, something that Urban most
definitely did not request to the hermit. And they set off on the pilgrimage route to
Jerusalem much quicker than the first Crusade which took several months to organize due
to the noblemen having to sell off much of their estate and raise the necessary funds. Peter
set out with his followers in April of 1096 from Cologne. Leaving at this time of year was
exceptionally poor planning on his part and this decision would ultimately ruin their crusade
in the months to come.
Spring and summer were the hungry months of the Middle Ages since the autumn harvest
had not yet arrived and the subjects still subsisted on what was left in their winter
storehouses. Therefore, they did not have much food to give or sell to the army as it
marched along the pilgrimage route. The crops were not yet ready either.This is the reason
that Urban II told the main crusading force not to leave Europe until 1096 of the fall and
this was the reason that pillaging, violence, and theft of food from villagers to avert
starvation came to define the people’s crusade.
From the early days of the march, it became clear that the crowds would not listen to Peter
and quickly gave way to violence and looting if the opportunity presented itself. On May
23rd 1096, Peter’s followers arrived at Regensburg where they forced the city’s Jews to
undergo a baptism before continuing on to Constantinople. When its forces arrive at the
Hungarian town of Semlin, a dispute over a pair of shoes exploded into a full-on riot with
Peter’s forces attacking and sacking the town, killing 4,000 and raiding Semlin’s storehouse,
leaving its inhabitants to face starvation.
Once the peasant’s crusade entered Turkish territory, they began to raid various villages and
towns as they ventured through Anatolia. As the pilgrims continued to attack Turkish
villages, the Seljuq Turks responded and prepared for a proper counterattack. Under the
command of Kilij Arslan, the better trained Seljuq army put thousands of peasants to the
sword in a series of battles particularly when they were ambushed on their way to Nicaea.
The peasant’s Crusade were for the most part unarmed followers who had little experience
with war and their weapons were farming implements and sickles if they had any at all. The
better disciplined Turkish soldiers made easy work of defeating them. Most of the pilgrims
ended up being killed or sold into slavery.
Peter escaped the catastrophe because he had traveled back to Constantinople to ask for
military and provisional assistance but the Byzantine emperor was in no mood to provide
any. As a result, Peter had nothing left to do but wait for the better armed crusaders from
the first Crusade to arrive at Constantinople. Remarkably, Peter’s story does not end there.
The hermit did not exhibit any remorse about leading tens of thousands of people to their
unnecessary deaths as he still believed that God had led him to assemble the people’s
crusade, although he didn’t understand the purpose for them being slaughtered. His army
was wiped out but Peter’s work with the Crusades continued onward.
He realized that he lacked the abilities to lead an army, but also knew where his true
strengths were. He preached at the First Crusade to remain vigilant in their holy causes.
HFM 024 –
The Most Interesting Crusaders, Part 1:
Peter the Hermit – The People’s Preacher
who resembled the Donkey
He would also give sermons to encourage the better prepared troops to continue on their
mission. One of his most famous acts was to give a sermon to the crusaders at the
Mountain of Olives in 1099 before their final assault on Jerusalem and he rallied them to
complete the act that they had labored for for three hard years.
Here’s an example of Peter’s true contribution to the crusade, enthusiasm in the face of
insurmountable odds. If not for a figure such as him that had such unbounded optimism at
the eventual success of the mission, then the soldiers would likely not have completed such
a difficult task against all odds.
If you’re interested in learning more about the Crusades, I have a new book coming out
next week which, if you’re listening to this in the future, is July 29 th 2013. It’s called The
Crusades and the Soldiers of the Cross: The 10 Most Famous Crusaders from German
Emperors to Charismatic Hermits, Child Armies and Warrior Lepers. You can buy it on
www.amazon.com. In the next three weeks, we’re going to look at more experienced
figures than Peter; however, no less interesting.
For more history like this that is offbeat, obscure, but most of all not boring, come check out
my website at www.michaelrank.net. There, you can find podcasts and blog posts like this.
I’ll even throw in a free history Ebook that you can grab right now at
www.michaelrank.net\freebook. Have a good day!