Download Exploring Locomotion

Integrated Science
Name _________________________________
Exploring Locomotion
Key Concepts:
 Muscles can only _________________ or __________________.

When muscles and bones work together, you can ______________.

Muscles always work in ____________ .

Muscles are attached to bones by tough, stiff ___________________.

Bones are held to other bones by flexible __________________.

Where a bone meets another bone, they form a ______________.

There are four types of joints: __________________ (for example: _______________________)
__________________ (for example: _______________________)
__________________ (for example: _______________________)
__________________ (for example: _______________________)
Procedure Each person in your group should take turns doing all of the following activities.
1.
Rest your lower arm on the table with your palm up. Lay a book on top of the palm. While your
arm is resting, use the fingers of the other hand and gently squeeze (feel) each muscle of the
upper arm (biceps and triceps). Describe how each feels (tense or relaxed).
Biceps: ________________
2.
While keeping the elbow on the table, raise and hold the book about 3-4 inches above the table.
Again, feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm and describe whether it is relaxed or
tense.
Biceps: ________________
3.
Triceps: _________________
Set up a book and ruler as shown. Rest the back of one hand on top of the ruler. While resting,
feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm and describe whether it is relaxed or tense.
Biceps: ________________
4.
Triceps: _________________
Triceps: _________________
Ask your partner to steady the book to keep it from falling off the ruler. Now, exert a force that will
raise and hold the book above the table. Feel (squeeze gently) each muscle in your upper arm
and describe whether it is relaxed or tense.
Biceps: ________________
Triceps: _________________
Questions
1.
Which muscle was used to bend (flex) the arm? ________________
2.
Which muscle was used to straighten (extend) the arm? _________________
3.
In what way(s) could the arm be moved if the biceps was missing?
4.
In what way(s) could the arm be moved if the triceps was missing?
5.
How many muscles are needed to move the lower arm back and forth? ____________
6.
Did each muscle move the lower arm in the same or opposite direction? Circle answer
7.
Is a muscle contracting or relaxing during the time it is moving a part of the body? Circle answer
8.
What major types of movement are possible? That is, in what directions?
9.
Based on your knowledge of muscles and joints, what determines what type of movement you
are able to make?
10.
What single word describes the only thing a muscle can do? __________________
11.
What structure attaches a muscle to a bone? (Hint: not flexible) _________________
12.
What structure holds a joint together while allowing it to move? (Hint: Flexible) _______________
13.
Why are tendons less flexible (more stiff) than ligaments?
14.
Why can’t muscles, tendons, bones, and ligaments be made of the same type of tissue?
TYPES OF MOVABLE JOINTS
Reference pp 574-579 of Life Science text (green book)
Draw and label the four types of movable below.
________________
__________________
________________
________________
Procedure, Part 2
Write the type of joint used for each of the following movements on the line to the right of the movement.
1. While keeping your hips straight, twist the shoulders first right, then left
__________________
2. Lay a pencil in the palm of your hand; touch it with the tips of the 4
Phalanges on the same hand
__________________
3. Stand beside a chair. Lift one leg up and over the chair and then swing
It back to its starting position.
__________________
4. Stand with one side of your body 2-3 feet from the wall. Keeping your arm
Straight, use your index finger to trace a circle on the wall.
__________________
5. While standing up straight, kick yourself (gently!) in your “behind” with your
Right leg
__________________
6. Bend down and touch your toes.
__________________
7. Without twisting your body, look over the left shoulder then over the right
Shoulder, then up at the ceiling and then down at the floor.
__________________
8. With the arms held straight out and elbows tight against the sides of your body
Move your forearms so that your palms will face up and down.
__________________
Questions
Use your green Life Science text pp 574-579 to help fill in the table below to identify types of joints.
Note that some have already been filled in for you.
1. Bone
Frontal
Mandible
Type of joint formed when fitted with another bone
fixed
temporal
hinge
Scapula
Ulna
Name of other bone in joint
humerus
hinge
Pelvis
femur
Phalanges
other phalanges
Femur
tibia
Vertebrae
gliding
2. Which type of joint allows the greatest range of movement?