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Music
Chapter 4
Formal Elements
Texture
Compositional Forms
Rhythm
Tonality
Texture refers to the way composers use
melodic lines in their compositions. (page 122)
Monophony- a single melody
without accompaniment.
Polyphony- more than one melody of
relatively equal interest.
Homophony- a single melody is
supports with chords.
Monophony Examples
Gregorian Chant
Medieval Music Manuscripts
Traditional Indian Raga
Raga- a traditional Hindustani
form, made up of a limited
number of notes in a
particular melody.
Traditional Islamic Music from
Spain, North Africa
Maquam- traditional Islamic
form, similar to a raga.
Nova Math and Music Esperanza Spalding about 13 minute in
Christian and Muslim playing ouds Catinas de Santa Maria 13th century
Polyphony Examples
What is a Fugue?
Basic Polyphony Bach's "Invention"
Terms: fugue, round,
imitiation
Lady Gaga Fugue
Bach Harpzichord
Abanian Folk Polyphony
Medieval motet
Machaut Quant en moi
Homophony Examples
Most Pop songs in the west are homophonic, with the
single melody line supported by other notes forming
chords. Homophonic Texture
Homophony began to replace polyphony in Europe
during the 15th century.
Palestrina Renaissance mass
Mozart sonata form, classical
diagramming the Sonata Form in Eine Kleine Nactumusik
Sweet Honey in the Rock
5 part harmony
Compositional Forms
(see pages 113-15)
“Classical” Forms
Jazz Forms
Mass
Fugue
Sonata
Concerto
Symphony
Blues
Ragtime
New Orleans (early Jazz)
Swing
Be-bop/hard jazz
Free Jazz
Concerto:
an extended composition for a solo instrument and
orchestra. Usually in 3 parts- fast, slow, fast.
The concerto form was developed during the 1600’s
in Europe. This corresponds to the Baroque period.
It was popular among Classical and Romantic
composer and is still used in contemporary
symphonic music.
Vivaldi’s “Winter Concerto,” Baroque Gidon Kremer
Beethoven Concerto for Violin, Cello, Piano, Romantic
Barenboim, Ma, Perlman
Symphony
an extended composition written for orchestra,
usually consisting of multiple distinct sections
or movements (often 4) with the first movement
in sonata form.
Symphonies are scored
for string (violin, viola, cello and double
bass), brass, woodwind, and percussive instruments.
Symphony orchestras can be small or large, 30–100
musicians.
In the 18th century they grew to great size.
Symphony
Romantic composers also developed a more personal
style
Increased expressive effect
Abandoned classical precision and loosened form
Unexpected shifts in meter and tempo
Eroica BBC Eroica Dramatization
Michael Tilson Thomas
Beethoven (1770-1827) studied with Hayden in the
classical school, moved toward full romantic – he is a
bridge between the too. Eroica Documentary with
Michael Tilson Thomas
Ragtimedeveloped from Military March
ragging the beat or syncopationnotes fall between the beats
Influenced by the traditional Cake walk dances
Forerunner of Jazz
Highly structured
Left hand plays steady beat- alternating bass
note and chord- stride piano
Right hand plays melody in syncopated rhythm
Maple Leaf Rag Piano roll
Bio
Scott Joplin (1868-1917)
Blues
Origins in labor chants Bio
Began to be accompanied by
Banjo, guitar, piano
Many varietiesMemphis, Delta, Chicago
All have in common
Simplicity of structure
Dominant chord structure
Blue notes – minor sound
12 bar blues tutorial
Jelly Roll Morton The Crave
Jelly Roll Blues
1980s commercialLomax recording
Oscar Peterson Blues
Peterson in Berlin/Salute to Bach
Jelly Roll Morton,
1885-1941
First jazz musician to
compose – to write down
the music
More BluesBessie Smith
•
Bessie Smith Ain't
Nobody's Business
• Bio
New Orleans Jazz
Louis Armstrong
Considered by many to be
the father of jazz
Developed improvisatory
solo as a feature of the jazz
style
“Rhythmic displacement”
Armstrong would stagger the
placement of an entire
phrase, as though he were
playing behind the beat.
More relaxed than Ragtime
Louis Armstrong 1907-1971
Louis Armstrong West End Blues
Big Band/Swing
Duke Ellington 1899-1974
Most prolific and significant
composer in Jazz history
Took jazz into the format of
extended works
Utilized the particular
sounds of individual players
Composed across sections
1930 mood indigo
Selena and the Blake Jazz
Ensemble Caravan 1936
caravan ellington
Hard Bop
Mingus
Parker and Davis Night in Tunisia
Detroit Techno
Detroit
Techno
Detroit Photographs
More Detroit
Photographs- 1967
Marbles Plastikman
Juan Atkins
Carl Craig