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SEJARAH PENDIDIKAN ISLAM 2
Kemaskini 22hb Nov 2015
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Topik
Tokoh-Tokoh pada zaman
kegemilangan Islam
Imam Ghazali
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Imam Ghazali
“Knowledge without work is
insanity, and work without
knowledge is vanity”
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Imam Ghazali
“Ilmu tanpa amal adalah
perkara yang tak masuk
akal, amal tanpa ilmu
adalah kesombongan”
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Persian Scholar
Medieval era
Name
Abu Hamid Muhammad Bin Muhammad al-Tusi al-Ghazali
Birth
Born in 1058 A.D/ 450 A.H. in Tus (Iran)
Death
Died 1111/505 A.H. in Tus
Known as
Hujjatul Islam (Pembela Islam)
His work
Jurist, debater expert, theologian, mystic, reformer
Main Interests
Philosophy, Mysticism, Theology, Education, Jurisprudence
Notable Work
100 works
(Magnus Opus = Ihya Ulumuddin)
Early Education
 Studied Quran from his own father
 Upon his father’s death, his father’s friend – a great Sufi,
Ahmad Bin Muhammad ar-Razikani
Ghazali and his brother Ahmad
– took care of Imam
 Travelled to Jurjan & Nishapur to study under great scholars
(e.g. Imam al-Haramain al-Juwaini)
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3 Stages of His Life
Stage 1
 28 years old – was appointed as a court jurist of Nizam –ulMulk
 Appointed as a Professor at Nizamiyah College (Baghdad)
Stage 2
 38 years old (in 1095)
 underwent a 6-month long spiritual crisis and went into
seclusion and lived as a sufi
 started to work on Ihya Ulumuddin
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3 Stages of His Life
Stage 3
 In 1104 - after 10 years of absence, he went back to teaching at
Nizamiya College at Nishapur
 1109 – he left Nishapur to return to Tus to continue to leave as a
sufi
 Built a Khanqah (Sufi hermitage) and teach there until his death
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Pedagogi Imam Ghazali
Tugas utama guru dan ibu bapa: membentuk akhlak & intelek
anak.
Menyusu dari wanita yang alim
Anak meniru akhlak ibu bapa & guru
Anak meniru persekitaran sosial dan fizikal yang positif
Gunakan sistem hadiah & denda (secara lembut & tidak di mata awam)
Quran, hadis dan cerita mengenai alim ulama. Senaman di luar masa
sekolah.
 Diajar menghormati guru, ibu bapa dan orang dewasa; keberanian;
bercakap benar; menghormati kawan; merendah diri; murah hati.
 Akhlak yang mulia: intelek + ghadab + syahwa di tahap yang seimbang.
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Imam Ghazali’s Pedagogy
 The first and foremost aim of learning is the study of the
divine. (kenal Allah swt)
 Students to attain the gem, that is, the knowledge of the
hereafter, for “the noblest of all disciplines is the one of
knowing God”.
 Seek, therefore, nothing else and treasure nothing besides it.
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Imam Ghazali’s Pedagogy
 He considers the heart of the child as being in particular need of
special care and attention.

 The heart of a child is “a precious jewel, neutral, free of all
impressions, susceptible to every impression and every inclination to
which it is brought near”.
 Kenapa hati bukan aqal (intellect)?
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Rules of Conduct for Students
1. The student must first purify his soul by ridding himself of
bad habits and other unpleasant character flaws. =
become a worthy vessel for knowledge.
‫إن َّ َما إلْ ِع ْ ُْل ن ُْو ٌر يُ ْق َذ ُف ِ ِْف إلْ َقلْ ِب‬
ِ
“Verily knowledge is light (which Allah s.w.t.) into the heart.”
(Saying of Ibnu Mas’ud r.a.)
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to
Rules of Conduct for Students
2. The student must remove himself as far as possible from his
ties to the affairs of the world = as they pull him away from
fully focusing on knowledge.
ۚ‫َّما َج َع َل ٱ َّ َُّلل ِل َر ُج ٍ۬ل ِمن قَلۡ َب ۡ ِي ِ ى َج ۡو ِه ِۦ‬
“Allah has not made for any man two hearts in his (one) body “ (Ahzab: 33: 4)
“Knowledge will surrender nothing to a person unless the person
surrenders his all to it.”
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Rules of Conduct for Students
3. The student must not set himself above his teacher and
should accept whatever his teacher teaches him.
He should embrace all of his advice and trust his guidance
implicitly: “The pupil [is to] be to his teacher like the soft
soil which has received heavy rains and completely
absorbed them”.
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Rules of Conduct for Students
4) The student must ignore the contradictory opinions of others in
his chosen field and concentrate on mastering the “one and only
praiseworthy way” given by his teacher. Only then may he
consider other schools of thought.
5) The serious student must ensure that the nature and scope of all
branches of knowledge become familiar to him, because all
types of knowledge are linked and related to each other. If time
permits, all of them should be studied in detail; if not, then
mastering the most important is imperative.
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Rules of Conduct for Students
6) The student, however, must not attempt to study everything at
once. Rather, he should order his study, beginning with the most
important disciplines.
7) The student must not study a new branch of knowledge until the
previous has been mastered, because each new bit of knowledge
builds on the foundation of the previous one
8) The student must know how to judge the noble nature of a science.
This is a twofold judgment: one entails being able to appraise the
fruit of the science and the other is to be able to assess the validity
of its principles
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Rules of Conduct for Students
9)The student’s immediate purpose should be the attainment
of inner virtue, and his ultimate goal should be to draw
close to God and achieve spiritual perfection rather than to
gain authority and to look impressive in front of his peers.
10)Finally, the student is to have a clear idea of the “relation
of the different sciences to the goal [of learning].” This will
enable him to give correct weight to those matters that he
encounters rather than to judge the less important to be
the more important and vice versa.
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Rules of Conduct for Students
Purpose of learning is for the adornment of inner self with virtues –
seeking nearness to Allah (“Taqarrub-il-lAllaah”) and attainment of
piety (“Taqwa”).
ۡ ‫إ َّن َٱ‬
‫ڪ َر َم ُ ُۡك ِعندَ ٱ َّ َِّلل َٱتۡ َق ٰٮ ُ ُۡك‬
ِ
ۚ‌
Verily the most honoured of you in the sight of Allah is (he who is) the most
righteous of you. (Qur’an: Hujurat: 49: 13)
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‫َم ْن َطلَ َب إلْ ِع ْ َْل ِل ُي َجا ِد َل ِب ِۦ إلْ ُعلَ َم َاء‬
‫َويُ َم ِار َي ِب ِۦ إل ُّس َفه ََاء‬
‫ْص َف ِب ِۦ ُو ُج ْو َه إلنَّ ِاس إل َ ْي ِۦ‬
ِ ْ َ ‫َوي‬
ِ
‫َٱ ْد َخ َ َُل إلنَّ َار‬
“Whoever seeks knowledge (intending) to argue with the learned (scholars), or to
brag with the foolish; or with it to attract peoples’ attention to himself; Allah will
make him to enter the Hell-fire.” (Hadith also reported by Tirmidzi and Ibn Majah)
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Two Categories of Practical Sciences
Fardhu Ain
 Concepts which one personally needs to do or know to
conduct one’s life
Fardhu Kifayah
 Concepts concerning one’s involvement in the
communituy as a whole (e.g. doing medicine)
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Teacher’s Role
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1)
The teacher should be sympathetic to his students and treat
them as his own children
2)
The teacher should follow the example of the Prophet and
teach for free. He should not seek praise or payment for his
services but should teach solely “for the glory of God.”
Teacher’s Role
3)The teacher is obliged to ensure that each of his students works at the
correct level for himself.
He is to do this by supplying them with the necessary information
they require to succeed and not allowing them to attempt to move
to the next, more difficult level until they have mastered the simpler
one that precedes it. (Student’s based)
On a different note, he should also tell the student that the reason he
is learning is to get closer to God and not for any worldly gain.
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Teacher’s Role
4)The teacher must persuade his students to give up bad habits by
subtle suggestion and compassion rather than by doing it openly
and reproachfully. Direct attempts to dissuade people from
following a bad course often lead to their open defiance.
5)The teacher must not say anything derogatory about sciences
other than those he is teaching but, rather, use his own subject to
prepare his students for learning other branches of knowledge
later on.
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Teacher’s Role
6)The teacher must ensure that the materials he provides for
the students’ study and tests are not too difficult for them;
student success is important, for it ensures that the student
continues to enjoy learning.
7) With regard to students who are having difficulties learning,
as al- Ghazali states firmly, the teacher must ensure that “only
things clear and suitable to their [limited understanding]”
should be taught to them. Additionally, the details or specifics
that are not common should not be presented to them so as
not to confuse and discourage them.
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Teacher’s Role
8)The teacher must practice and live what he knows and
teaches, and not allow his work or behavior to contradict his
words.
Ini berdasarkan Surah As-Saff ayat 2 dan 3!
Asbabul Nuzul Ayat! Menemplak orang-orangYahudi
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Wahai orang-orang yang beriman! Mengapa kamu
memperkatakan apa yang kamu tidak melakukannya!
Amat besar kebenciannya di sisi Allah - kamu
memperkatakan sesuatu yang kamu tidak melakukannya
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4 ways to modify one’s behaviour
1)
One should seek a spiritual guide
2)
One should seek good friends
3)
One should take advantage of one’s enemies by listening to what
they say about him because they’ll describe his weaknesses
4)
One should socialise with different people in society and pay
attention to good manners
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Modifying Behaviour
Example = If a person is miserly, the remedy
would be to recommend that the person make
frequent charitable donations
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Resources
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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Ghazali Darusalam. (2001). Pedagogi Pendidikan Islam. Kuala Lumpur:
Utusan Publications & Distributors.
Gunther, Sebastian. (2006). Be Masters in That You Teach and
Continue to Learn: Medieval Muslim Thinkers on Educational
Theory. Comparative Education Review Vol 50 (3): 367-388.
Zaghbul Morsy. (1997). Thinkers on Education Volume 2. Switzerland:
UNESCO Publishing.
Nabih Amin Faris. (2002). Imam Ghazali’s The Book of Knowledge. New
Delhi: Islamic Book Service.
Ihya Ulumuddin.
Majid Fakhry. (1991). Ethical Theories in Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Perbezaan antara 3 tokoh lepas
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IbnTufayl
Ibn Khaldun
Imam Ghazali
Ahli Falsafah
Sosiologis
Ahli Sufi
Cerita reka
Praktikal:kerjaya
Jati Diri
Utamakan Akal
Observation of
society
Higher aspect of
devotion