Download The Renin-Angiotensin System and Blood Pressure

The Renin-Angiotensin System and Blood Pressure-you need a more creative title
Deep under that skin of yours-that skin of yours? First, no personal pronouns.
Second, this is the most important sentence of your paper. It should tell the reader exactly
where this paper is going. So if your paper is not about arteries under your skin, then it
must be changed. there are arteries. General to specific. What is blood pressure? How is it
regulated? This is as general as you can get and therefore this is where you start. The
blood in the arteries builds up pressure along its walls.-too specific already. What about
the heart? The heart is where the force comes from. This pressure calculation is called
blood pressure.-say what? Is that necessary. Just say BP is the pushing of the blood on the
artery walls. Hypertension You did not transition into this sentence. You just jumped.
First, what is hypertension? How does this sentence relate to the previous one? Every
sentence fits together like the pieces of a puzzle. is the most common of all chronic
diseases; it’s characterized as having a higher amount of pressure in the arteries.-higher
amount than what? This affects about twenty-four million people in America.-This is the
general info. This should be what you lead off with. What is hypertension, who does it
affect, how many, etc… Anything that is higher then a reading of 120/80 mmHg is
considered to be hypertension.-You need to explain what these numbers mean. What does
the reader need to know and when do they need to know it? That is what you need to be
asking yourself. Hypertension increases ones risks for kidney damage, heart disease, and
stroke (Marx I. J., 1976).-why? Can you-no personal pronouns imagine that there are
many things that are proven proven? to affect hypertension, yet physicians are not
looking into most of them?-this sentence needs to go. Just get to the point. Many of these
things-don’t say “things”. exist in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.-this sentence
is vague. It doesn’t give the reader any new information. This system affects the width of
the blood vessels and the amount of blood in the blood stream.-You need to explain the
system. The entire system step by step for my grandma. This is just one possible cause.cause of what? To test for the cause of hypertension, common tests –repeated “test” are
done first, none of which test the renin-angiotensin system.-Basically what your saying is
that hypertension might be caused by the RA system, but doctors do not typically test this
system when looking for the cause?
You have a lot of work to do. I am going to stop here. You need to take my suggestions
and go through this entire manuscript and fix it. The order needs to be appropriate, must
be general to specific, there must be proper transitions, etc… You need to write for the
reader, the general audience. Describe using analogies and relate it to what the reader
already knows.
4/10
Hypertension is usually greeted by a few common tests and changes in lifestyle.
These tests mostly test the heart and the kidneys, by means of blood tests, urine tests, and
sonograms. The first test that will usually be done as a simple broad blood test. This test
tests for things like sodium and potassium level abnormalities; it will also test for
creatine, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL. If one of these comeback abnormal a medicine will
be prescribed to make the level normal and then further tests will be taken to find out
why this level is different (Marx, I. J. 1976). The next test will most likely be an
echocardiogram, which is a sonogram of the heart. A kidney sonogram will follow that.
These to tests check to make sure the heart and the kidneys are functioning in the proper
way and are the proper size. After that, the doctor will most likely give up and leave the
patient on medicine. A physician will also talk to a patient about eating habits. Salt is
suggested to increase blood pressure (Whitescarver, A. S., Ott, E. C., Jackson, A. B.,
Guthrie, P. G., & Kotchen, A. T., 1984). This is one of the hardest areas to control, for
salt is very prominent in most manufactured foods. Red meat is also suggested to increase
blood pressure (Tzoulaki et al., 2008). Red meat and salt are two dietary areas that are
heavy in American society, getting rid of those, based on previous studies, should lower
the blood pressure.
The renin-aniotensin-aldosterone system works, to control blood pressure, with
the help of two main enzymes and one main hormone. The enzymes are renin and
angiotensin, the hormone is aldosterone. The first thing that happens in this system is that
angiotensinogen is released by the liver, this is inactive angiotensin. After that occurs
renin is added by the kidney. Renin is the enzyme that activates the angiotensinogen
(Lifton, 1996). The higher the amount of renin, the higher the amount of the following
chemicals (Takimoto et al., 1996). After renin, ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme is
added to activate the angiotensin into the working phase, this new angiotensin is called
angiotensin II. We now have the completed product of angiotensin II (Santos et al.,
2003). Angiotensin has three main functions: it can constrict blood vessels, make more
water enter the blood, and/or make the kidney release aldosterone.
Constricting the blood vessels is a fairly simple concept. Blood vessels are
like hoses. If you have two hoses with different diameters, but the same amount of water,
you would be able to tell that the smaller the diameter of the hose, the higher the
pressure. The body uses this concept, with angiotensin II, to increase the blood pressure.
Increasing the volume of the blood will also increase the blood pressure. Say you
had the same hose that you previously had in the prior scenario. If the larger diameter has
more water added to it, the pressure will increase. Angiotensin II does this in the body
with the use of the pituitary gland and the kidney. The pituitary gland releases ADH.
ADH stimulates the kidney to absorb more water to put into the blood. This increase of
water in the blood will cause the volume to increase, therefore making the blood pressure
go up.
Angiotensin II also causes the release of a steroid hormone called aldosterone.
Aldosterone is secreted by the kidney. This hormone does things to aid the previous two
things. Aldosterone leads to the absorption of water, but it also leads to the absorption of
more sodium. Aldosterones function, which can be felt by someone with abnormal
amounts, is that it triggers ones appetite for salt, which triggers the feeling of thirst. This
is a fairly common abnormality among blood pressure patients (Rayner, 2007). Twelve to
thirteen percent of all hypertensive patients have primary aldosteronism, which is
increased aldosterone.
The renin-angiotensin system can be altered with medication in several different
ways. If the angiotensin level, is what needs to be altered, an ACE inhibitor can be used.
Ace stands for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor. This doesn’t allow as much
active angiotensin be produced (Miller et al., 1972). Tests show that this is affective in
mammals with increased blood pressure, due to increased angiotensin. Many doctors just
prescribe this to patients instead of doing a simple blood test to see if it is the right
medication. Other medications may be used to assist these medications.
The angiotensin-renin system alters blood pressure. About 15% of all
hypertensive patients have this system to blame (Marx, 1976). It all starts with the
amount of angiotensinogen in the blood. If one has a reduced angiotensinogen
concentration in the blood, the person will have lower blood pressure (Felix & Michelini,
2007). One main medication is used to treat an imbalanced angiotensin-renin system.
This system is a frontline cause in blood pressure increase, yet is not being looked into as
a major factor of blood pressure increase.
References
Felix, C. V. J., & Michelini, C. L. (2007). Training-Induced pressure fall in
spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with reduced angiotensinogen
mRNA expression within the nucleus tractus solitarii. Hypertension, 50, 780-785.
Lifton, P. R. (1996). Molecular genetics of human blood pressure variation. Science, 272,
676-680.
Marx, I. J. (1976). Hypertension: A complex disease with complex causes. Science, 194,
821-825.
Miller, M. D., Samuels, A., Haber, E., & Barger, A. C. (1972). Inhibition of angiotensin
conversion in experimental renovascular hypertension. Science, 177, 1108-1110.
Rayner, B. (2008). Primary aldosteronism and aldosterone-associated hypertension.
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 61, 825-831.
Santos, S. A. R., Silva, S. C. A, Maric, C., Silva, R. M. D,Machado, P. R., Buhr, D. I., …
Walther, T. (2003). Counteracting Hypertension. Science, 100, 569.
Takimoto, E., Ishida, J., Sugiyama, F., Horiguchi, H., Murakami, Z., & Fukamizu, A.
(1996). Hypertension induced in pregnant mice by placental rennin and maternal
angiotensinogen. Science, 274, 995-998.
Tzoulaki, I., Brown, J. I., Chan, Q., Horn, V. H., Ueshima, H., Zhao, L., … Elliot, P.
(2008). Relation of iron and red meat intake to blood pressure: cross sectional
epidemiological study. BMJ, 337, 258.
Whitescarver, A. S., Ott, E. C., Jackson, A. B., Guthrie, P. G., & Kotchen, A. T. (1984).
Salt-sentive hypertension: Contribution of chloride. Science, 223, 1430-1432.