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Greek City-States POLITICS AND SOCIETY Characteristics of City-States (Polis) • • • • Around 800 BCE the polis (poleis) begin to form Allowed people to diversify in occupations The towns become walled cities Each city-state had a guardian deity • Ex. Athena= Athens • They communicated with gods through oracles • Oracle of Delphi • 730 BCE many city-states adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels. • Governed by landowning families Sparta • Ruled by a military aristocracy • Granted rights to the citizens • Young children trained to become soldiers • Social Hierarchy: • Oligarchy: Citizen Soldiers- decedents of original Spartans • “Dwellers around”- decedents of first conquered peoples. Could own land, were craftsmen's, and traders. Could not vote • Helots- slaves, lowest group, worked on the farms of citizens. • Women had more freedom. Ran estates but could not vote • • Governed by a group of elders in conjunction with two kings • Each group had a limited veto power (except slaves) Athens • Formed a democracy over a 100 years or more • 507 BCE- direct democracy established • All men above 20 could join the assembly (governing body) • Women were not citizens and could not become soldiers • 120,000 slaves • Skilled slaves lived with their masters • Other worked in the fields and silver mines • Athens was in direct competition with Sparta • Athens was a commercial center Persian and Peloponnesian Wars MUCH OF WHAT IS KNOWN OF THESE WARS COME FROM THE WRITINGS OF HERODOTUS. A GREEK HISTORIAN • Persian Wars: Greeks vs. Persians (Darius and Xerxes) • 1st Greek Victory at battle of Marathon (490 BCE) • Thermopylae- Stand of 300 Spartans against thousands of Persians. Persians sack Athens after this • Salamis- Naval battles that helps bring victory to the Greeks • Delian League formed in 478 BCE (falls apart after the Persian Wars) • • Peloponnesian Wars: 431-404 BCE • • • Athens vs Sparta Sparta defeats Athens in 404 BCE Both city-states decline during this time Pericles • Most famous Athenian statesman • Aristocrat • Wanted citizens to participate in assemblies to select officials and pass laws